A study of π andK production in proton-uranium and oxygen-uranium interactions at 22 GeV/A using decay muons

The like-sign dimuons copiously recorded in the NA 38 experiment both inp-U and O?U reactions at 200 GeV/nucleon are interpreted as resulting from decays of π andK mesons in comparable proportions. The ++/?? ratio is large (?1.7) and ascribed to theK ⁺ being more copiously produced than theK ^?. Both the average transverse momentum and the ++/?? ratio are comparable forp-U and O?U reactions, and both increase only slightly with the transverse energyE _T .     

TheF N method for radiative transfer problems without azimuthal symmetry

The formalism required to solve by theF _N method radiative transfer problems lacking azimuthal symmetry is developed, and numerical results are given.

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Zusammenfassung Es wird der Formalismus entwickelt der zur Lösung von Strahlungsproblemen mit derF _N -Methode benötigt wird, falls keine azimutale Symmetrie vorliegt. Numerische Ergebnisse werden gegeben.

     

Optimizing driving conditions of a MQW EA modulator for solitongeneration

A detailed analysis of the pulses generated with a multiple quantum well (MQW) electroabsorption (EA) modulator used as a soliton source is performed. The pulse temporal and spectral shape are simulated and a good agreement is obtained with the experimental results. An irregular holed spectrum shape is observed under certain operating conditions and its existence is attributed to parasitic phase modulation. This type of spectrum could be observed even for pulses having a time bandwidth τΔν product below 0.4 which makes them usually considered as nearly transform limited. However it is not the case. The influence of the pulse spectral shape on transmission performances is investigated by means of a realistic simulation of soliton pulse propagation at 10 Gb/s. It is shown that for 9000 km propagation distance and for pulses presenting this irregular spectral shape a signal degradation occurs as the timing jitter is above 10 ps and the quality factor Q is below 2, which results in an increase of the transmission bit error rate. In order to avoid the generation of this kind of pulses when operating a MQW modulator as a soliton source, a mapping is realized giving the adequate voltages to apply to the diode for acceptable soliton generation     

纳米技术诞生 Moore定律延续有望

Moore定律是否持续? 台积电(TSMC)张忠谋董事长最近接二连三的在公开演讲中强调Moore定律将缓慢下来,如果以一个数学公式来说:New Moore's Law=Moore's Law 1 year.原本每18个月晶体管数目在一定面积的芯片上会增加一倍的法则,将延长至30个月以上的时间.     

综观PC产业三大变化方向

80年代开始,PC就一直影响人们的生活,从最初的8086/8088架构,到现在GHz的Pentium时代,PC创造了半导体、PC外围、零部件与光电产业的庞大商机.时光进入2004年,随着数字家庭或者说是多媒体中心风潮的到来,使得大家的焦点不再只是单纯放在微处理器的时脉速度,取而代之的是无线局域网的能力、与视觉享受有关的绘图处理器与监视器、高品质的音效及内存容量与传输速度.     

Coupling of α,ω-dichloropoly(methylphenylsilane) and living poly(styryllithium). Study of the coupling reaction

Both di- and triblock copolymers consisting of polystyrene (PS) in conjunction with poly(methylphenylsilane) (PMPS) have been successfully prepared by coupling of α,ω-dichloro-PMPS with poly(styryllithium). The study of this reaction has shown a sudden limitation of the coupling yield, which however depends on the PS block length. Both the polymer concentration and the solvent have also an effect on the coupling reaction. Morphology of the PS-PMPS block copolymers has been observed by transmission electron microscopy. Very complex morphologies have been reported more likely as the result of the competition between the phase separation induced by PS and PMPS immiscibility and the tendency of PMPS to form ordered structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35 : 1939–1948, 1997     

Blends of bisphenol-A polycarbonate and acrylic polymers: II. PC/acrylic copolymers as a new route for compatibilization

An acrylic polymer containing acid and anhydride units, referred to as reactive polyglutarimide (RPGI), has been used to react with PC. The reaction has been previously determined as an acidolysis of the carbonate bond which breaks the PC chain in two parts. One of those two parts remains free while the other one is grafted on the acrylic backbone. We have found that the anhydride units could also react with the carbonate bonds. In this case the PC macromolecule would also be broken in two parts, which would, however, both be grafted on the acrylic backbone. The reaction has been performed in solution in order to keep good contact between the reacting units. The influence of temperature and concentration on the grafting ratio has been studied. The best experimental conditions were determined in order to obtain a grafted copolymer where the acrylic backbone only supports, on the average, one PC side chain through acid reaction or two PC chains through anhydride reaction. Indeed, these two types of reactions could not be isolated. The efficiency of this copolymer as emulsifier has been studied in solution cast blends as well as in melt mixed blends. The copolymer strongly affects the microstructure in solution cast blends where films containing 30 wt % of PC have become transparent. However, the dispersed phase size of solvent cast blends could be highly influenced by the casting conditions related to solvent trapping. In melt mixed samples, the copolymer also reduces significantly the dispersed phase size, but no transparent blends have been observed so far. These results were compared with those given in the literature describing the efficiency of a synthesized copolymer which has a more complicated structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 735–747, 1997     

φ production in In–In collisions at 158 A GeV

The NA60 experiment has measured muon pair production in In–In collisions at 158 AGeV at the CERN SPS. This paper presents a high statistics measurement of φ→μ μ meson production. Differential spectra, yields, mass and width are measured as a function of centrality and compared to previous measurements in other colliding systems at the same energy. The width of the rapidity distribution is found to be constant as a function of centrality, compatible with previous results. The decay muon polar angle distribution is measured in several reference frames. No evidence of polarization is found as a function of transverse momentum and centrality. The analysis of the p _T spectra shows that the φ has a small radial flow, implying a weak coupling to the medium. The T _eff parameter measured in In–In collisions suggests that the high value observed in Pb–Pb in the kaon channel is difficult to reconcile with radial flow alone. The absolute yield is compared to results in Pb–Pb collisions: though significantly smaller than measured by NA50 in the muon channel, it is found to exceed the NA49 and CERES data in the kaon channel at any centrality. The mass and width are found to be compatible with the PDG values at any centrality and at any p _T : no evidence for in-medium modifications is observed.     

Probing structural integrity of single walled carbon nanotubes by dynamic and static compression

We report on a first study of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) after application of dynamic (shock) compression. The experiments were conducted at 19 GPa and 36 GPa in a recovery assembly. For comparison, an experiment at a static pressure of 36 GPa was performed on the material from the same batch in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). After the high pressure treatment the samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After exposure to 19 GPa of shock compression the CNT material exhibited substantial structural damage such as CNT wall disruption, opening of the tube along its axis (“unzipping”) and tube shortening (“cutting”). Dynamic compression to 36 GPa resulted in essentially complete CNT destruction whereas at least a fraction of the nanotubes was recovered after 36 GPa of static compression though severely damaged. The results of these shock wave experiments underline the prospect of using SWCNTs as reinforcing units in material WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)