Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Mn^2＋ in Freshwater Snail Shells： Pomacea Canaliculata Lamarck and Fossilized Snail Shell

We study paramagnetic Mn^2 ions present in the nowadays shells of univalve freshwater snails of Pomacea canaliculata lamarck (PCL) and the fossilized freshwater snail (FFS), Viviparus. All these shells are abundant in Thailand. The PCL shells were ground into fine powder. A set of seven samples were then separately annealed for 2 h in air atmosphere at different annealing temperatures while the FFS powder was characterized as-received. The PCL shells mainly consist of aragonite and a fraction of calcite. The heat treatments of the PCL powder samples at temperature higher than 450℃ resulted in an irreversible phase transformation from aragonite to calcite. However, it is found that the FFS shell is mainly made of calcite, with a minor fraction of aragonite. The crystal structure of the high-temperature-annealed PCL samples are quite similar to that of FFS, which indicates that the metamorphosis (aragonite→calcite) in the FFS shell had occurred but was not yet completed, although it had remained under the pressure and temperature of the Earth‘s crusts over millions of years. Our detailed ESR spectral analyses of PCL and FFS show that Mn^2 ions enter the Ca^2 sites during a biomineralization process. Simulated ESR parameters of PCL-500 of Mn^2 at a uniaxial site of calcite are reported. It is surprising to And that the ratio of Mn^2 concentration present in FFS to those in PCL shells evaluated from ESR spectra is as much as 10:1.     

On Optimality Condition for Vector Optimization Based on Convex Set-Valued Mapping

1.IntroductionTheoptimalityconditionsofmathematicalprogrammingisaveryimportantsubjectbecausetLeyprovideausefulanalyticaltoolforstudingthedualitytheoryandnonlinearprogrammingalgoirthms.Inrecelltyears,someauthorshavebeguntostudytheoptimalityconditionsforvectoroptimizationproblemofset-valuedmapping,suchas[4][51.Inthispaperlwedefinetheconceptofcone--weaklyefficientsubdifferentialofset-valuedmappinginthecaseofgeneralpartiallyorderedlocallyconvextopologicalvectorspaces.Thecone-weaklysubdifferential…     

Video and User′s Data Multiplexing in Desktop Video Conferencing Systems

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｅｓｋｔｏｐｖｉｄｅｏｃｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｉｎｇｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ，ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｏｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｄａｔａ：ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｍｅｄｉａｓｔｒｅａｍａｎｄｕｓｅｒ′ｓｄａｔａｔｈａｔｎｅｅｄｔｏｂｅｔｒａｎｓｍｉｔｅ...     

Polyspectral Analysis of Two-dimensional Mixed Processes and Coupled Harmonics

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＩｎｍａｎｙａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｒａｄａｒ,ｓｏｎａｒ,ｇｅｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓ,ｒａｄｉｏｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｍｅｄｉｃａｌｉｍａｇ ｉｎｇ ,ｔｈｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｔｗｏ ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｅｓｔｉ ｍａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｌｏｔｏｆａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ.ＩｎｔｈｅｃａｓｅｏｆａｄｄｉｔｉｖｅｗｈｉｔｅＧａｕｓｓｉａｎｎｏｉｓｅ,ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｓｕｃｈａｓＭＥＭＰ[1 ] ,ＭＵＳ…     

Tracking Control and Synchronization for Two-Dimension Discrete Chaotic Systems

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｉｎｃｅ 1 990 ,ｃｈａｏｔｉｃｓｙｎｃｈｒｏｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ[1～ 4] ａｎｄｃｈａｏｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇ[5～6] ｈａｖｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｇｒｅａｔｄｅａｌｏｆａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ[7～1 1 ] ,ａｎｄｃｈａｏｔｉｃｓｙｎｃｈｒｏｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｉｓａｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｆｉｅｌｄｓｆｒｏｍｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｓｔｏｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ[1 2 ] ,ａｎｄｆｒｏｍｂｉｏｐｈｙｓｉｃｓｔｏｎｅｕｒｏ ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ[1 3] .Ｉｆｃｈａｏｔｉｃｓｙｎｃ…     

能够在手机屏幕上同时观看文字信息与TV的LCD样品

NEC公司制成了一件2.6in.的以玻璃作衬底的反射式低温多晶硅CMOSTFT LCD系统的模块样品;此件模块样品可以在横向划分开来的屏幕上,同时显示全彩色TV图像和文字信息,彩色TV图像在仅显示文字信息屏幕区域的上面。在此项样品开发成功之前,通常小型装置或者移动应用装置的LCD,一般都不能够完整地显示TV内容;只能够在减少了一定数量的像素元以后才能够显示。 随着宽带技术的进步,图像显示越来越重要;它已经成为下一代移动电话的一项重要品质标志。该显示器既提供     

Research on sound radiation from body in free field

I.IntroductionWhenastructurcvibratcs,itsvibratingsurfacewillmakesurroundingmediummovetogethcrwithit.Ifthernotionissofastthatthcmediumroundthestructureproduccaloca1contractionandcxpansionandthcypropagatefaraway,thesoundradiationisformed.Itispossiblctodcscribeanalytica11ytheradiationfic1dofsimplyandregularlyshapcdsourcessuchaspointsoundsourccs,spherica1soundsourccsandinflnite1engthllnearsoundsourccs,butitisa1mostimpossib1ctosolvetheradiationfiledbyanyanalyt-ica1methodforsourcesofvcrycomplicateds…     

非晶Nd-Fe薄膜电阻的温度效应与非晶稳定性

用闪光蒸镀法在77K制备了Nd_xFe_1-x(x=0.06-0.80)非晶薄膜,原位测定了其电阻随温度的变化。结果表明:在0.192和ρ(T)∝T。晶化不是在一个固定的温度,而是在一个温度区间发生。     

16位嵌入式控制器开拓新市场

最新的１６位ＭＣＵ，某集成度与吞吐量达到较高水平，有助于降低系统的成本。越来越难以说清楚，一个１６位ＭＣＵ（微控制器）是由什么构成的：是一枚带有１６位数据通路和１６位外接接口的芯片？还是一个使用１６位指令和８位或３２位运算器（ＡＬＵ）／数据通路的器件？或者是一个具有８位外数据通路和１６位内数据通路的电路？或者是一个使用一组可变长度指令并带有１６位数据通路的处理器？最新的１６位嵌入式控制器可为设计人员提供中档处理器──这种处理器的性能优于流行的高档８位ＭＣＵ，而其成本却低于新的全３２位控制器。现在…     

迅速导通的PNP稳压器

通信和压控振荡器电路常常需要　稳压良好的快速通断低噪声电源。带有通／断引脚的线性稳压器非常适用于这种场合，但其输出端会有一些噪声。大幅度提高输出电容可以适度降低噪声。其缺点是增加开支，增大开关通断时间，降低电路效率。ＭＩＣ５２０５是一种低下降ＰＮＰ稳压器。它具有一个噪声旁路引脚，可用来进一步降低噪声。从旁路引脚接到地线的１０ｎＦ电容器，可使输出噪声降低Ｖｏｕｔ／１．２４Ｖ（５Ｖ部件为１２ｄＢ），并形成一个低于１００Ｈｚ的噪声极点。导通时间会从８０ｕｓ增大到１５ｍｓ。再增加少量元器件，下列电路可保…