Immunoassay of P-glycoprotein on single cell by capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection

The cellular mechanism based on P-glycoprotein (PGP) for its drug pump function has become very important in multidrug resistance (MDR) research. A method has been established to characterize PGP on single K562 cell by coupling capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. A permeable intact cell after the immunoassay binding with fluorescence labeling antibody was injected into the capillary and directly separated without lysis. It was found that once 5-10 optional cells were detected in batch, the PGP amount on this cell line could be outlined and calculated clearly. The PGP amount on K562 MDR cell line is 3.88 times higher than that on K562 sensitive cell line. These two cell lines with immunoassay binding were also analyzed by injection of multi-cells in order to improve the throughput. A resistance factor so called multidrug resistance multiple (MRM) was introduced to evaluate the MDR difference between cell lines. The MRM values of the cell line K562 measured by single cell analysis are well correlated with those by flow cytometry, which also prove the validity of our method in single cell analysis for the possibility of cancer diagnosis, pharmacokinetics and drug screening in future.     

A novel anthracenyl tagged protecting group for "phase-switching" applications in parallel synthesis

A new "phase-switching" protecting group 1 that facilitates the parallel synthesis of carboxylic acids, esters, and carboxamides is described. Its use permits chemistries to be performed in solution, which may be conveniently monitored with conventional analytical techniques, followed by subsequent immobilization onto a solid-phase support to aid compound purification. Carboxylic acids, esters, and carboxamides are then cleaved from the solid support following activation of the "safety-catch" and treatment with the desired nucleophile.     

Design and synthesis of aromatic inhibitors of anthranilate synthase

Aromatic analogues of chorismate were synthesised as potential inhibitors of anthranilate synthase. Molecular modelling using GOLD2.1 showed that these analogues docked into the active site of Serratia marcescens anthranilate synthase in the same conformation as chorismate. Most compounds were found to be micromolar inhibitors of S. marcescens anthranilate synthase. The most potent analogue, 3-(1-carboxy-ethoxy)-4-hydroxybenzoate (K(I) 3 microM), included a lactyl ether side chain. This appears to be a good replacement for the enol-pyruvyl side chain of chorismate.     

Topography of the potential energy hypersurface and criteria for fast-ion conduction in perovskite-related A2B2O5 oxides

We discuss the importance of the topography of the potential energy hypersurface for the ionic conductivity of perovskite-related A(2)B(2)O(5) oxides. A correlation between the energetic preference of the cations for different coordination geometries and the ionic conductivity is proposed based on a first principles periodic density functional theory study of selected possible structures for Ba(2)In(2)O(5), Sr(2)Fe(2)O(5), Sr(2)Mn(2)O(5), and La(2)Ni(2)O(5). There are a large number of low-energy local minima on the potential energy hypersurfaces of the two first compounds due to an energetic preference for BO(4) tetrahedra. Tetrahedral environments are energetically unfavorable for Mn(III) in Sr(2)Mn(2)O(5) and for Ni(II) in La(2)Ni(2)O(5), and the number of low-energy configurations is relatively low in these two cases. Consistent with our findings, in contrast to Sr(2)Fe(2)O(5) and Ba(2)In(2)O(5), Sr(2)Mn(2)O(5) and La(2)Ni(2)O(5) do not exhibit transitions to disordered phases on heating, and there appear to be no reports of enhanced ionic conductivity for these compounds. Thus we suggest that the possibility of many different oxygen orderings associated with a variety of low-energy connectivity schemes within tetrahedral layers such as in the brownmillerite-based structures of Sr(2)Fe(2)O(5) and Ba(2)In(2)O(5) is a prerequisite for high ionic conductivity in perovskite-related A(2)B(2)O(5) oxides.     

A practical synthesis of 2-(N-substituted)-aminobenzimidazoles utilizing CuCl-promoted intramolecular cyclization of N-(2-aminoaryl)thioureas

A practical protocol for synthesis of 2-(N-substituted)-aminobenzimidazoles was developed. N-(2-Aminoaryl)thioureas undergo a CuCl-promoted intramolecular cyclization to give the corresponding 2-(N-substituted amino)benzimidazoles in good to excellent isolated yields.     

Applications of array biosensor for detection of food allergens

Although food is a necessity, compounds within food products can be dangerous and life-threatening for people with food allergies. These allergy-causing compounds, such as proteins from eggs and milk, must be identified on the labels of commercial products. Unintentional contamination of food with these compounds occurs as a result of storage, manufacturing procedures, or cleaning procedures. A sensitive, specific, and rapid method to identify foods containing allergens is required by the food industry. The array biosensor, a rapid detection system, may provide a solution to this need. The array biosensor performs fluorescent immunoassays on the surface of a planar waveguide by first running samples, then fluorescently labeled antibodies, over a surface patterned with capture antibodies. An optical image is captured by a charged-coupled device camera and converted into fluorescence values. Signal intensity and spot location provide information on the compound and its concentration. The array biosensor has been successfully demonstrated for toxin, bacteria, and virus detection at low levels in under 20 min in food, clinical samples, and environmental matrixes. An assay for detection of ovalbumin as an indicator of egg contamination has been developed with limits of detection of 25 pg/mL in buffer and 1.3 ng/mL (13 ng/g) in non-egg pasta extract (buffer:pasta 10:1, v/w).     

Cavity search: An algorithm for the isolation and display of cavity-like binding regions

Summary A set of algorithms designed to enhance the display of protein binding cavities is presented. These algorithms, collectively entitled CAVITY SEARCH, allow the user to isolate and fully define the extent of a particular cavity. Solid modeling techniques are employed to produce a detailed cast of the active site region, which can then be color-coded to show electrostatic and steric interactions between the protein cavity and a bound ligand.     

Characterisation and determination of indole alkaloids in frog-skin secretions by electrospray ionisation ion trap mass spectrometry

The characterisation of selected indole alkaloids in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer is presented. Fragmentation profiles for tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), N'-methyl 5-hydroxytryptamine (N'-methyl 5-HT), N',N'-dimethyl 5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine), N',N',N'-trimethyl 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HTQ), and N',N'-dimethyl 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeODMT) are presented with proposed structures given for each product ion observed. Such MS(n) experiments can be used to differentiate the isobaric molecular ions of the compounds 5-HTQ (M(+)) and 5-MeODMT (MH(+)). The quantitative determination of certain indole alkaloids in the skin secretions of the Australian Golden Bell frog, Litoria aurea, by LC/ESI-ion trap MS is also presented. The concentrations of 5-HT, N'-methyl 5-HT and 5-HTQ were found to be 2.68, 0.26 and 0.54 microg per mg of skin secretion, respectively.     

Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of all seven vitamin B6-related compounds

A simple, sensitive, isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the separation of all seven vitamin B₆-related compounds. The separation is accomplished using an ODS column and a mobile phase of 0.15 M sodium dihydrogenphosphate, adjusted to pH 2.5 with perchloric acid. The concentration of the compounds is determined with a fluorescence detector (excitation, 290 nm; emission, 389 nm). Isopyridoxal is used as an internal standard. The fluorescence intensity of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate is enhanced by post-column derivatization with sodium bisulfite. All seven compounds are separated in less than 20 min at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Applications of this method to yeast cell-free culture media, baker's yeast extract, egg and milk are presented.     

Guest sorption and desorption in the metal-organic framework [Co(INA)(2)] (INA=isonicotinate)--evidence of intermediate phases during desorption

The metal-organic framework [Co(INA)(2)]x0.5EtOH (INA = isonicotinate, NC(5)H(4)-4-CO(2)(-)), was synthesised under solvothermal conditions. Its X-ray crystal structure shows channels containing ethanol guests which are hydrogen-bonded to carboxylate oxygens of the framework. The pyridyl rings of the framework alternate between 'open' and 'closed' positions along the channels resulting in large variation in the channel cross-sectional area from ca. 1.4 by 2.3 A at the narrowest point to 4.9 by 5.3 A at the widest. Despite the very small windows, the ethanol guests (of van der Waals diameter ca. 4.2-6.1 A) may be reversibly desorbed and sorbed into the structure quantitatively, as shown by in situ variable-temperture IR spectroscopy and XRPD. The single-crystal structure of the desolvated form [Co(INA)(2)] shows that there is no change in the overall connectivity on desolvation, but the rotational positions of the pyridine rings are altered. This suggests that pyridyl rotation may occur to allow guests to pass in and out. When the synthesis was conducted in 1-propanol solvent [Co(INA)(2)]x0.5Pr(n)OHxH(2)O, was obtained, and a single-crystal X-ray structure revealed the same overall connectivity as in but with pyridine rings disordered over closed and open positions. There was no evidence of included guests from X-ray crystallography, suggesting that they are also highly disordered. Variable-temperature XRPD performed on bulk samples showed peaks which were unsymmetrical and exhibited shoulders, suggesting that for each pattern obtained the material actually consisted of several closely-related phases. The movements of the peaks during desolvation showed the presence of intermediate phases before the final desolvated product was formed. The peak positions of the intermediate phases matched more closely with the calculated pattern for than with or, suggesting that they may have disordered structures similar to. The results also suggest that the intermediate phase represents an initial increase in volume before a larger decrease in volume occurs to give the final desolvated material.