Hierarchical system test by an IEEE 1149.5 MTM-bus slave-moduleinterface core

An IEEE 1149.5 module test and maintenance (MTM) bus slave module interface core is presented, which is used for direct access from the system bus to the IEEE 1149.1 chip-level or on-chip buses to facilitate hierarchical system test and diagnosis. The hierarchical test methodology also is presented, which is applicable to the system-on-chip environment, All the standard 1149.1 instructions, such as SAMPLE/PRELOAD, EXTEST, BYPASS, and even RUNBIST, can be performed within three 1149.5 read/write-data message cycles. The messages are transmitted between the MTM-bus master module (Ill-module) and the slave module (S-module). We adopt the full test access port control method to activate the 1149.1 boundary-scan paths via the 1149.5 MTM-bus. Our S-module interface circuit implements 16 CORE commands and one read/write-data command. It has been prototyped using a field-programmable gate array chip and implemented by a full-custom chip. Hierarchical test of multiple 1149.1 compatible boards has been experimentally verified     

Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of epimedin C after oral administration of epimedin C and Herba Epimedii extract in rats

Epimedin C, an ingredient of Herba Epimedii, has potential for treatment of cardiovascular disease and bone loss. However, there is still no sensitive analytical method to monitor epimedin C in biological samples. The goal of this study was to develop a sensitive and reliable method based on a LC‐MS/MS for evaluating the pharmacokinetics of epimedin C after administration of Herba Epimedii in rat. Electrospray ionization in positive‐ion mode and multiple reaction monitoring were used to identify and quantitate active components. Analytes were separated by a reverse‐phase C₁₈ column. Liquid–liquid extraction using ethyl acetate, evaporation and reconstitution was used to plasma sample preparation. Mass transition of precursor ion → product ion pairs were monitored at m/z 823.4 → 313.1 for epimedin C and m/z 237.1 → 178.9 for carbamazepine (internal standard). A calibration curve gave good linearity (r > 0.999) over the concentration range 2.5–500 ng/mL. Pharmacokinetic data demonstrated that there was rapid distribution and slow elimination after epimedin C administration (1 mg/kg, i.v.). Oral bioavailabilities of epimedin C in the pure compound and in the Herba Epimedii were around 0.58% and 0.13%, respectively. The result suggests that other herbal ingredients of Herba Epimedii may suppress the oral bioavailability of epimedin C. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reducing Energy Consumption by Data Aggregation in M2M Networks

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications have emerged as a new technology for next-generation communications. As the number of M2M devices and the amount of transmitted data increase, applying data aggregation is an efficient way to improve energy efficiency of M2M networks. In this paper, we devise an analytical model to compute the energy consumption and delivery delay in packet delivery by using data aggregation. Then we develop an extensive simulation to validate our proposed analytical model. Numerical results show that it is essential to smartly configure the parameters for data aggregation in M2M networks. Our study provides guidelines to determine the parameters in terms of the buffering time and the maximum number of buffered packets for data aggregation.     

Application of Andrews and Green-Osher inequalities to nonlocal flow of convex plane curves

We shall apply certain inequalities by Andrews and Green-Osher to area-preserving and length-preserving flows of convex plane curves and show that, if we have bound on the curvature, the evolving curves will converge to a round circle.     

Synthesis of 3,3‐Dimethylglutamic Acid Derivatives as DPP‐IV Inhibitors and Evaluation of Their Chemical Stability

A novel five‐step synthesis of Boc‐3,3‐dimethylglutamic acid α‐ethyl ester 11 is reported. All the steps are high yielding and simple to carry out. By use of the 3,3‐dimethylglutamic acid building block, we successfully discovered a novel class of DPP‐IV inhibitors, Glu‐Pro‐Nitrile dipeptide mimics 2 , with high potency (IC₅₀ < 40 nM). The consequence of 3,3‐dimethyl substituent on the rate of intramolecular cyclization between N‐terminal amine and 5‐position amide bond in different buffer solutions was also evaluated.     

Programmable one-pot synthesis of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens Lewis X dimer and KH-1 epitopes

The total synthesis of the antigenic Lewis X (Le^x) dimer and KH-1 epitopes by a reactivity-based programmable one-pot synthetic strategy is reported. This approach can minimize the protection-deprotection and purification steps. Using the reactivity-based one-pot synthetic method, the fully protected Lewis X (Le^x) dimer and KH-1 epitopes were furnished in a facile manner, which were globally deprotected to give the Le^x dimer and KH-1 epitopes.