Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed oxide-confined 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with record-high bandwidth/power-dissipation ratio of 12.5 GHz/mW have been demonstrated. The devices show a modulation bandwidth of 15 GHz at a bias current 0.9 mA, corresponding to only 1.2 mW power dissipation     

A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system based on optical carrier suppression and reuse

We have experimentally demonstrated a full-duplex radio-over-fiber system using a single light source at central station (CS). Optical carrier suppression modulation scheme was employed to generate 40-GHz optical millimeter wave and up-convert the baseband signal simultaneously at CS for downlink transmission while the same optical carrier was reused at base station for uplink connection. The bidirectional full-duplex 2.5-Gb/s data was successfully transmitted over 40-km standard single-mode fiber (SMF-28) for both upstream and downstream channels with less than 2-dB power penalty. This system shows simple cost-efficient configuration and good performance over long-distance delivery.     

Closed-form solutions for one-dimensional inhomogeneous anisotropicmedium in a special case. I. Direct scattering problem

An analytical formulation is presented for the direct scattering problem of one-dimensional (1-D) inhomogeneous anisotropic medium in a special case. This method gives nonlinear differential equations for the reflection coefficients of the anisotropic medium. Applying the discontinuity condition of the dielectric parameters at the interface of the medium with free space, approximate closed-form solutions for the reflection coefficients are obtained. Numerical examples show the validity of the method     

Neural-fuzzy classification for segmentation of remotely sensedimages

An unsupervised classification technique conceptualized in terms of neural and fuzzy disciplines for the segmentation of remotely sensed images is presented. The process consists of three major steps: 1) pattern transformation; 2) neural classification; 3) fuzzy grouping. In the first step, the multispectral patterns of image pixels are transformed into what we call coarse patterns. In the second step, a delicate classification of pixels is attained by applying an ART neural classifier to the transformed pixel patterns. Since the resultant clusters of pixels are usually too keen to be of practical significance, in the third step, a fuzzy clustering algorithm is invoked to integrate pixel clusters. A function for measuring clustering validity is defined with which the optimal number of classes can be automatically determined by the clustering algorithm. The proposed technique is applied to both synthetic and real images. High classification rates have been achieved for synthetic images. We also feel comfortable with the results of the real images because their spectral variances are even smaller than the spectral variances of the synthetic images examined     

Optimization of a schottky barrier mixer diode in the submillimeter wave region

We have designed a mixer Schottky barrier diode (SBD) for use in the submillimeter wave region with a structure optimized for minimum noise temperature. The dependence of mixer noise temperature upon thickness and doping density of the epitaxial layer and diode diameter of SBDs was simulated within the framework of existing theories. Special care was taken to formulate the SBD current-voltage and capacitance-voltage relations in a way that correctly describes the behavior of real SBDs.     

Perfect information two-person zero-sum markov games with imprecise transition probabilities

Based on an extension of the controlled Markov set-chain model by Kurano et al. (in J Appl Prob 35:293–302, 1998) into competitive two-player game setting, we provide a model of perfect information two-person zero-sum Markov games with imprecise transition probabilities. We define an equilibrium value for the games formulated with the model in terms of a partial order and then establish the existence of an equilibrium policy pair that achieves the equilibrium value. We further analyze finite-approximation error bounds obtained from a value iteration-type algorithm and discuss some applications of the model.     

Polymerization of cyclopentadiene initiated by methylaluminoxane

The polymerization of cyclopentadiene (CPD) was effectively initiated by methylaluminoxane (MAO) to generate poly(cyclopentadiene) (polyCPD). The effects on the polymerization of some reaction parameters such as the monomer concentration, the initiator concentration, and solvents were investigated. The conversion of CPD was monitored with gas chromatography to investigate the reaction kinetics. The polymerization rate was proportional to the concentrations of MAO in the first order and of the CPD monomer in the second order, and a reasonable cationic polymerization mechanism was suggested on the basis of the kinetic study. PolyCPD obtained at a low temperature could be dissolved in toluene or chloroform, and this indicated lower cross‐coupling during the polymerization reaction. ¹H NMR and IR analysis of the polymer indicated that there were almost equal amounts of 1,2‐enchainment and 1,4‐enchainment in the polymer chain. The measurement of polyCPD showed its unique properties as a potential candidate for stable wrappings or electronic packaging materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 264–272, 2006     

Control of the conjugation length and solubility in electroluminescent polymers

A new type of cyclolinear polymer, poly(phenylene vinylene‐alt‐cyclotriphosphazene), was synthesized through Heck‐type coupling reactions to produce π‐conjugated macromolecules with excellent solubility and precise electronic control of the band‐gap energy. This synthesis method is capable of producing well‐defined alternating polymers. The method is highly adaptable and can be readily used for other chromophore systems. The resulting polymers were also capable of accommodating a wide variety of substituents on the cyclophosphazene rings with minimal effect on the electronic properties. The band gap and electron affinities of the polymer were varied through the manipulation of the π‐conjugated unit located between the insulating phosphazene rings. Each chromophore matched the intended conjugation length consistently throughout the macromolecules. The polymers were good film formers because of the chosen substituents on the phosphazene rings. The absorbance of the polymers indicated minimal spectral shift from the monomer absorbance. This suggested an effective insulation of each chromophore unit from its neighbors by the phosphazene rings. Solution photoluminescence efficiencies were found to be up to 44.1%. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 69–76, 2006     

Converging Marriage in Honey-Bees Optimization and Application to Stochastic Dynamic Programming

In this paper, we first refine a recently proposed metaheuristic called “Marriage in Honey-Bees Optimization” (MBO) for solving combinatorial optimization problems with some modifications to formally show that MBO converges to the global optimum value. We then adapt MBO into an algorithm called “Honey-Bees Policy Iteration” (HBPI) for solving infinite horizon-discounted cost stochastic dynamic programming problems and show that HBPI also converges to the optimal value.     

Model and empirical study on some collaboration networks

In this paper we present an empirical study of a few practical systems described by cooperation networks, and propose a model to understand the results obtained. We study four non-social systems, which are the Bus Route Networks of Beijing and Yangzhou, the Travel Route Network of China, Huai-Yang recipes of Chinese cooked food, and a social system, which is the Collaboration Network of Hollywood Actors. In order to explain the results related to the degree distribution, act-degree distribution and act-size distribution (especially about the degree distribution, which may be better fitted using a stretched exponential distribution (SED)), we suggest a simple model to show a possible evolutionary mechanism for the emergence of such networks. The analytic and numerical results obtained from the model are in good agreement with the empirical results.