Spectral Studies and Cathodic Reduction of some Thiazolylazo Derivatives

The structure of the 2-thiazolylazosalicylic acid molecule, TAS, has been determined by means of quantum SCF-CI calculations. The ionization potential and the electron affinity of TAS molecule were calculated to have the values 9.057 and 2.56 eV respectively. The solvation energies in different solvents, and the bond orders of the TAS molecule were calculated for the neutral state, the oxidized form (the cation) and the reduced form (the anion). Mixed solvent studies were carried out with TAS and 2-benzothiazolylazosalicylic acid (BTAS), using polar solvents (EtOH and MeOH) to confirm the formation of a solvent-solute complex. The azo group in the TAS molecule nas a considerable contribution in the SCFLUMO; thus cathodic reduction has been focused on the azo group and was verified experimentally by cathodic reduction.     

Nanoscience and nanotechnology in Venezuela

Nanoscale research in Venezuela is briefly reviewed, with emphasis on research groups, research lines, and institutions involved. A summary exploration is made of international collaboration through scientific co-authorship, as well of the efforts to build nano capacities, available infrastructure, relationships to the productive sector and a weak presence in Venezuelan public policies, although there is some expectation that the situation may soon begin to change.     

Effect of multipath fading and multiple access interference on broadband code division multiple access systems

In this paper, the performance of uncoded uplink transmissions in a broadband code division multiple access (CDMA) system using tapped delay line (TDL) antenna array under multipath conditions is investigated. An expression for broadband CDMA system is derived to calculate the optimal weights of TDL antenna array. Using the derived broadband expression, the performance of TDL antenna array is investigated and compared with that of the already existing narrowband systems. Simulation results show that TDL antenna array can reduce multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). It is shown that if the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) level is maintained at 20 dB and two‐ray channel model is used, two antennas with four taps each can support 30 users with a BER of 10^?3. If three‐ray channel model is used, the same antenna arrangement is not enough to support 30 users. To support these 30 users with BER of 10^?3, the number of taps needs to be increased to eight. Finally, the number of taps needs to be further increased to 16 if four‐ray channel model is used. Not only that, the SNR should also be increased to 25 dB to achieve the same BER. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural convection flow from an isothermal horizontal circular cylinder with temperature dependent viscosity

Free convection flow from an isothermal horizontal circular cylinder immersed in a fluid with viscosity proportional to an inverse linear function of temperature is studied. The governing boundary layer equations are transformed into a non-dimensional form and the resulting nonlinear system of partial differential equations is reduced to local non-similarity equations which are solved numerically by a very efficient implicit finite difference method together with Keller box scheme. Numerical results are presented by velocity and viscosity profiles of the fluid as well as heat transfer characteristics, namely the local heat transfer rate and the local skin-friction coefficients for a wide range of viscosity parameter (= 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0,4.0) and the Prandtl number Pr (= 1.0, 7.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 30.0).     

Hydromagnetic free convection flow with induced magnetic field effects

An exact solution is presented for the hydromagnetic natural convection boundary layer flow past an infinite vertical flat plate under the influence of a transverse magnetic field with magnetic induction effects included. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved exactly, under physically appropriate boundary conditions. Closed-form expressions are obtained for the non-dimensional velocity (u), non-dimensional induced magnetic field component (B _x ) and wall frictional shearing stress i.e. skin friction function (τ _x ) as functions of dimensionless transverse coordinate (η), Grashof free convection number (G _r ) and the Hartmann number (M). The bulk temperature in the boundary layer (Θ) is also evaluated and shown to be purely a function of M. The Rayleigh flow distribution (R) is derived and found to be a function of both Hartmann number (M) and the buoyant diffusivity parameter (ϑ ^*). The influence of Grashof number on velocity, induced magnetic field and wall shear stress profiles is computed. The response of Rayleigh flow distribution to Grashof numbers ranging from 2 to 200 is also discussed as is the influence of Hartmann number on the bulk temperature. Rayleigh flow is demonstrated to become stable with respect to the width of the boundary layer region and intensifies with greater magnetic field i.e. larger Hartman number M, for constant buoyant diffusivity parameter ϑ ^*. The induced magnetic field (B _x ), is elevated in the vicinity of the plate surface with a rise in free convection (buoyancy) parameter G _r , but is reduced over the central zone of the boundary layer regime. Applications of the study include laminar magneto-aerodynamics, materials processing and MHD propulsion thermo-fluid dynamics.     

呼图壁种牛场草原生态站鼠类群落初步研究

本文根据１９９５年７￣８月的调查资料并采用聚类分析方法对呼图壁种牛场草原生态站鼠类群落及其演替进行了分析研究。结果表明：该地区的鼠类可划分为２种群落，灰仓鼠＋小家鼠为主的农田居民点鼠类群落，五趾跳鼠＋根田鼠为主的荒漠草原鼠类群落，种的多样性和生态环境的差异有关，随着人类经济活动的增加，经营时间的不同，鼠类群落受到的影响程度也不一样，在荒漠向人工环境转化过程中存在于其中的鼠类也呈现有规律的演替现象。     

Electrolyte-cathode interactions in 5-V lithium-ion cells

The electrolyte/electrode interactions on the anode side of a lithium-ion cell and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) have been investigated intensively in the past and are fairly well understood. Present knowledge about the reactions on the cathode side and the resulting cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) is less detailed. In this study, the electrolyte/electrode interactions on the surface of the high-voltage cathode material LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ (LNMO), both bare and FePO₄-coated, were investigated. The gases evolving upon first time charging of the system were investigated using a GC/MS combination. The degradation products included THF, dimethyl peroxide, phosphor trifluoride, 1,3-dioxolane and dimethyl difluor silane, formed in the GC’s column as its coating reacts with HF from the experiments. Although these substances and their formation are in themselves interesting, the absence of many degradation products which have been mentioned in the existing literature is of equal interest. Our results clearly indicate that coating a cathode material can have a major influence on the amount and composition of the gaseous decomposition products in the formation phase.     

Diversity through a branched reaction pathway: generation of multicyclic scaffolds and identification of antimigratory agents

A library of 91 heterocyclic compounds composed of 16 distinct scaffolds has been synthesized through a sequence of phosphine-catalyzed ring-forming reactions, Tebbe reactions, Diels-Alder reactions, and, in some cases, hydrolysis. This effort in diversity-oriented synthesis produced a collection of compounds that exhibited high levels of structural variation both in terms of stereochemistry and the range of scaffolds represented. A simple but powerful sequence of reactions thus led to a high-diversity library of relatively modest size with which to explore biologically relevant regions of chemical space. From this library, several molecules were identified that inhibit the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and may serve as leads for the development of antimetastatic agents.