The global version of the gyrokinetic turbulence code GENE

The understanding and prediction of transport due to plasma microturbulence is a key open problem in modern plasma physics, and a grand challenge for fusion energy research. Ab initio simulations of such small-scale, low-frequency turbulence are to be based on the gyrokinetic equations, a set of nonlinear integro-differential equations in reduced (five-dimensional) phase space. In the present paper, the extension of the well-established and widely used gyrokinetic code GENE [F. Jenko, W. Dorland, M. Kotschenreuther, B.N. Rogers, Electron temperature gradient driven turbulence, Phys. Plasmas 7 (2000) 1904–1910] from a radially local to a radially global (nonlocal) version is described. The necessary modifications of both the basic equations and the employed numerical methods are detailed, including, e.g., the change from spectral methods to finite difference and interpolation techniques in the radial direction and the implementation of sources and sinks. In addition, code verification studies and benchmarks are presented.     

Bound nonlocality and activation

We investigate nonlocality distillation using measures of nonlocality based on the Elitzur-Popescu-Rohrlich decomposition. For a certain number of copies of a given nonlocal box, we define two quantities of interest: (i) the nonlocal cost and (ii) the distillable nonlocality. We find that there exist boxes whose distillable nonlocality is strictly smaller than their nonlocal cost. Thus nonlocality displays a form of irreversibility which we term "bound nonlocality." Finally, we show that nonlocal distillability can be activated.     

Search for a standard model Higgs boson in the H→ZZ→ℓ(+)ℓ(-)νν decay channel with the ATLAS detector

A search for a heavy standard model Higgs boson decaying via H→ZZ→→?(+)?(-)νν, where ?=e, μ, is presented. It is based on proton-proton collision data at √s=7 TeV, collected by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC in the first half of 2011 and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.04 fb(-1). The data are compared to the expected standard model backgrounds. The data and the background expectations are found to be in agreement and upper limits are placed on the Higgs boson production cross section over the entire mass window considered; in particular, the production of a standard model Higgs boson is excluded in the region 340相似文献   

New analysis procedure for fast and reliable size measurement of nanoparticles from atomic force microscopy images

Accurate size measurement during nanoparticle production is essential for the continuing innovation, quality and safety of nano-enabled products. Size measurement by analysing a number of separate particles individually has particular advantages over ensemble methods. In the latter case nanoparticles have to be well dispersed in a fluid and changes that may occur during analysis, such as agglomeration and degradation, will not be detected which could lead to misleading results. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows imaging of particles both in air and liquid, however, the strong interactions between the probe and the particle will cause the broadening of the lateral dimension in the final image. In this paper a new procedure to measure the size of spherical nanoparticles from AFM images via vertical height measurement is described. This procedure will quickly analyse hundred of particles simultaneously and reproduce the measurements obtained from electron microscopy (EM). Nanoparticles samples that were difficult, if not impossible, to analyse with EM were successfully measured using this method. The combination of this procedure with the use of a metrological AFM moves closer to true traceable measurements of nanoparticle dispersions.     

Morphology and protein content of hepatocytes in type I diabetic rats submitted to physical exercises

The importance of physical exercise practice in the treatment of diabetes has been reported in many studies recently, but only limited data can be found regarding its benefits on liver morphology and protein content of hepatocytes. In order to assess the changes arising from the development of type I diabetes and the benefits of a training protocol, Wistar rats were divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC), trained control (TC), sedentary diabetic (SD) and trained diabetic (TD). The training protocol consisted of swimming for 60 min a day, 5 days/week, during 8 weeks. Liver samples were collected, processed and analyzed by histochemical and ultrastructural techniques. Biochemical tests were also conducted to examine the protein content and quantity of DNA in the liver. In morphological assessment, the presence of areas of cytoplasmic basophilia observed in control subjects was not visualized in sedentary diabetics. It was related to differences in the amount of mitochondria in the cytosol. The mitochondrial structure has not undergone relevant changes, and the number of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns was clearly inferior in sedentary diabetics, suggesting lower protein production. However, the biochemical analysis of protein content indicated no statistical differences between groups. The exercise, in turn, was not responsible for major changes in these characteristics. On the whole, the morphological damages arising from type I diabetes were noteworthy. Nevertheless, regular physical training was not responsible for significant improvements in some respects, making evident the need for combined application of a distinct form of treatment.     

In-trap decay spectroscopy for 2�ͦ¦� decay experiments

Knowledge of 2??|? nuclear matrix elements is essential to probe the theoretical framework of 0??|? decays. At TITAN, TRIUMF??s Ion Trap for Atomic and Nuclear science, a novel technique has been developed to measure electron capture branches of virtual intermediate nuclei in ?|? decays. During two experiments with radioactive ^{124, 126}Cs isotopes the feasibility of this new method was proven.     

Precision mass measurements of neutron halo nuclei using the TITAN Penning trap

Precise atomic mass determinations play a key role in various fields of physics, including nuclear physics, testing of fundamental symmetries and constants and atomic physics. Recently, the TITAN Penning trap measured the masses of several neutron halos. These exotic systems have an extended, diluted, matter distribution that can be modelled by considering a nuclear core surrounded by a halo formed by one or more of loosely bound neutrons. Combined with laser spectroscopy measurements of isotopic shifts precise masses can be used to obtain reliable charge radii and two-neutron-seperation energies for these halo nuclei. It is shown that these results can be used as stringent tests of nuclear models and potentials providing an important metric for our understanding of the interactions in all nuclei.     

Collinear laser spectroscopy with reverse-extracted bunched beams at TRIUMF

Collinear laser spectroscopy with reverse-extracted cooled bunched beams was performed at TRIUMF with radioactive ion beams. Surface-ionized ^78,78mRb ions were injected into TITAN??s cooler-buncher, and reverse-extracted to the laser beam line. There they were neutralised and excited with a counter-propagating laser beam. The fluorescence signal from the D ₂ line was recorded with a photomultiplier tube. The cooler provided typically 50 ion bunches per second, with each bunch containing approximately 10⁵ ions, temporally distributed with a 1.6 ??s width. A hardware gate was set on the signal, suppressing the background by four orders of magnitude.     

The additive property of the inconsistency degree in intertemporal decision making through the generalization of psychophysical laws

Intertemporal decision making involves choices among options whose effects occur at different moments. These choices are influenced not only by the effect of reward value perception at different moments, but also by the time perception effect. One of the main difficulties that affect standard experiments involving intertemporal choices is the simultaneity of both effects on time discounting. In this paper, we unify the psychophysical laws and discount value functions using the one-parameter exponential and logarithmic functions from nonextensive statistical mechanics. Also, we propose to measure the degree of inconsistency. This quantity allow us to discriminate both effects of time and value perception on discounting process and, by integration, obtain other main quantities like impulsivity and discount functions.