S-(fluoroformyl)O-(trifluoroacetyl) thioperoxide, FC(O)S-OC(O)CF3: gas-phase structure and conformational properties

The geometric structure and conformational properties of S-(fluoroformyl)O-(trifluoroacetyl) thioperoxide, FC(O)S-OC(O)CF3, were investigated by gas electron diffraction, matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations (B3LYP with the 6-31G and aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets and MP2 with the 6-31G basis set). The experimental methods result in a mixture of two conformers with gauche conformation around the S-O bond. In the main conformer (82(7)% according to GED at 298 K), the C=O bond of the FC(O) group is oriented syn with respect to the S-O bond and phi(C-S-O-C) = 75(3) degrees . In the minor conformer (18(7)%), this C=O is oriented anti. Both conformers possess syn orientation of the C=O bond of the CF3C(O) group. The conformational properties and geometric parameters are reproduced reasonably well by the quantum chemical calculations, except for the S-O bond length, which is predicted too long by 0.04 A (B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ).     

Symmetrical bisquinolones via metal-catalyzed cross-coupling and homocoupling reactions

Functionalized 4,4'-bisquinolones can be efficiently synthesized by microwave-assisted palladium(0)-catalyzed one-pot borylation/Suzuki cross-coupling reactions or via nickel(0)-mediated homocouplings of 4-chloroquinolin-2(1H)-one precursors. Both methods are also applicable to other types of symmetrical biaryls.     

Chlorodifluoroacetyl cyanide, ClF2CC(O)CN: synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic characterization

The novel molecule difluorochloroacetyl cyanide, ClF(2)CC(O)CN, has been characterized by IR (gas phase, Ar matrix), Raman (liquid), (19)F and (13)C NMR, and photoelectron (PES) spectroscopies; photoionization mass spectrometry (PIMS); and gas electron diffraction (GED). The conformational properties of ClF(2)CC(O)CN have been studied by joint application of vibrational spectroscopy, GED, and quantum chemical calculations. The existence of two conformers is detected in the gas and liquid phases, in which the C-Cl bond adopts gauche and syn orientations with respect to the C═O group. The computed enthalpy difference is in harmony with the experimental results of the gauche being more stable than the syn conformer by ΔH° = 1.3 kcal mol(-1) (MP2/cc-pVTZ). The valence electronic properties and the possible ionization and dissociation processes of the title compound are studied using the PES and PIMS. The experimental first vertical ionization energy of 12.0 eV corresponds to the ejection of an electron of the oxygen lone pairs. Taking into account the properties and broad applications of acyl cyanides, ClF(2)CC(O)CN is a promising new precursor in preparative chemistry.     

Continuous flow ozonolysis in a laboratory scale reactor

Several important types of ozonolysis reactions have been performed in a continuous flow device that is able to perform both the ozonolysis and quenching steps in flow mode. This technique allows safe and scalable ozonolysis reactions to be performed on a laboratory scale.     

XRD和Raman法评估热解气氛中H_2和CO对半焦化学结构的影响

采用XRD和Raman光谱分析方法研究了神木煤在热解主要温度区间(450-750℃)及在三种热解气氛(N_2、含H_2及含CO)下的化学结构演变规律,并比较了两种方法所获结构参数的相关性。结果表明,原煤在N_2气氛下热解制备的半焦,其炭微晶尺寸在横向上不断增长,纵向上层面间距逐渐增大,堆垛高度在650℃左右剧烈转变; Raman参数A_(D_1)/A_G增加,而A_G/A_(all)降低,表明半焦有序性结构比例降低。热解气氛中的H_2促进了炭微晶结构的纵向发展,提高了小分子基团的转化程度,使得半焦有序化程度升高。热解气氛中的CO对炭微晶结构参数影响小于H_2气氛,但在700℃以下,CO因析炭作用产生的致密炭颗粒包裹于半焦表面,导致半焦炭有序化程度提高。半焦的L_c与A_G/A_(all)及d_(002)与A_(D_1)/A_G之间存在一定相关性; L_a与A_(D_1)/A_G呈较好的正相关性。     

Nonthermal microwave effects revisited: on the importance of internal temperature monitoring and agitation in microwave chemistry

The concept of nonthermal microwave effects has received considerable attention in recent years and is the subject of intense debate in the scientific community. Nonthermal microwave effects have been postulated to result from a direct stabilizing interaction of the electric field with specific (polar) molecules in the reaction medium that is not related to a macroscopic temperature effect. In order to probe the existence of nonthermal microwave effects, four synthetic transformations (Diels-Alder cycloaddition, alkylation of triphenylphosphine and 1,2,4-triazole, direct amide bond formation) were reevaluated under both microwave dielectric heating and conventional thermal heating. In all four cases, previous studies have claimed the existence of nonthermal microwave effects in these reactions. Experimentally, significant differences in conversion and/or product distribution comparing the conventionally and microwave-heated experiments performed at the same measured reaction temperature were found. The current reevaluation of these reactions was performed in a dedicated reactor setup that allowed accurate internal reaction temperature measurements using a multiple fiber-optic probe system. Using this technology, the importance of efficient stirring and internal temperature measurement in microwave-heated reactions was made evident. Inefficient agitation leads to temperature gradients within the reaction mixture due to field inhomogeneities in the microwave cavity. Using external infrared temperature sensors in some cases results in significant inaccuracies in the temperature measurement. Applying the fiber-optic probe temperature monitoring device, a critical reevaluation of all four reactions has provided no evidence for the existence of nonthermal microwave effects. Ensuring efficient agitation of the reaction mixture via magnetic stirring, no significant differences in terms of conversion and selectivity between experiments performed under microwave or oil bath conditions at the same internally measured reaction temperatures were experienced. The observed effects were purely thermal and not related to the microwave field.     

Gelation of charged bio-nanocompartments induced by associative and non-associative polysaccharides

Vesicles composed of sodium oleate (NaO) and monoolein (MO) are adequate candidates for drug nanoencapsulation and controlled release due to their stability and perceived biocompatibility. The object of the present study is to design hydrogels based on those anionic vesicles and polymers of both non-associative and associative type. The selected macromolecules were k-carrageenan (KC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydrophobically modified carboxymethyl cellulose (HMCMC). While the polymer-vesicle association was probed by rheology, the influence of the polymer on the vesicle stability was monitored by cryo-TEM and calorimetric measurements. The effects of the polymer on the rheological properties of surfactant aggregate solutions clearly depend on the polymer type: the storage moduli of the polymer-vesicle mixtures, compared to the vesicles alone, increases around 2 orders of magnitude if the polymer is non-associative and 4 orders of magnitude if the macromolecule is of associative type. As the vesicles are added, the non-associative polymer networks tend to be disrupted, while the networks formed by associative polymer get more robust. These observations can be explained by fundamental changes in electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions: vesicles entrapped in KC networks convert the polysaccharide in a highly charged entity and favor high electrostatic repulsions between the chains; this encourages network collapse. The opposite picture is experienced in HMCMC systems, i.e., such network is stabilized by the presence of vesicles. This is ascribed to the enhanced hydrophobic association, compensating the electrostatic repulsions between vesicles and polymer chains.     

宽带网络中的主角--视频业务

今天,世界各国均大力布建宽带网络设施,尽快提高宽带上网人口数量,鼓励宽带内容与应用产业发展。就中国而言,尽管电话拨号上网(最高速率为56kbit/秒)用户仍是主体,但近两年来宽带用户的增长十分迅速。 “截止到2003年第三季度,我国宽带用户数达942.3万户,同比增长603.6万户,仅第三季度就     

广播电视发射机房电源综合防护方案

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