疲劳强度研究动态

金属疲劳是一个很复杂的现象。常常在较低的应力水平上,出乎人们意料之外地发生了疲劳破坏。许多结构在使用初期就已有许多看不见的微观裂纹。为了估计结构的疲劳性能,第一要考虑疲劳环境,也就是要估计飞机在什么样的环境中使用。这就要估计气候条件、机动飞行、地面运行情况、飞机用途等等。对飞机的疲劳环境不很清楚的话,飞机受力的情况也就不很清楚,这是飞机疲劳强度研究中首先遇到的一个问题。即使我们有了飞机外界载荷的统计数据,我们也要根据飞机结构的外界载荷分布和飞机的动态响应来估计飞机各部件所受的力。所以飞机动态响应是面临的第二个问题。知道了每个部件的受力情况、受力历史,接着的问题是:怎样估计疲劳寿命;出现裂纹后,怎样估计     

非牛顿流体经波纹管流动的阻力特性

本文对Carreau流体经波纹管的蠕动流的阻力特性用差分方法作了数值求解。先施行坐标变换,提出一种保证周期性条件的混合迭代法,能较快得到问题的收敛解。流体的物质参数以及流动区域的几何参数对流动阻力特性的影响作了讨论,同时指出了直径均匀的毛管模型作为渗流模型的不足之处。     

Lyotropic self-assembly of high-aspect-ratio semiconductor nanowires of single-crystal ZnO

Lyotropic nanowire dispersions are attractive precursors for semiconductor device fabrication because they permit the alignment control of active nanomaterials. The reliable production of nanowire-based mesophases, however, is very challenging in practice. We show that appropriately functionalized high-aspect-ratio nanowires of single-crystal ZnO spontaneously form nematic phases in organic and aqueous media. These systems show isotropic, biphasic, and nematic phases on increasing concentration, in reasonable agreement with Onsager's theory for rigid rods interacting via excluded volume. Suspensions were readily processed to produce films with large-area monodomains of aligned nanowires. Imprints of the director field in quiescently dried films display a propensity for bend deformation in the organic mesophase versus splay deformation in the aqueous case, suggesting that system elasticity may be tuned via surface functionalization. These results provide critical insight for the utilization of semiconductor nanowires as novel mesogens and further enable the use of solution-based routes for fabricating optoelectronic devices.     

The microwave-to-flow paradigm: translating high-temperature batch microwave chemistry to scalable continuous-flow processes

The popularity of dedicated microwave reactors in many academic and industrial laboratories has produced a plethora of synthetic protocols that are based on this enabling technology. In the majority of examples, transformations that require several hours when performed using conventional heating under reflux conditions reach completion in a few minutes or even seconds in sealed-vessel, autoclave-type, microwave reactors. However, one severe drawback of microwave chemistry is the difficulty in scaling this technology to a production-scale level. This Concept article demonstrates that this limitation can be overcome by translating batch microwave chemistry to scalable continuous-flow processes. For this purpose, conventionally heated micro- or mesofluidic flow devices fitted with a back-pressure regulator are employed, in which the high temperatures and pressures attainable in a sealed-vessel microwave chemistry batch experiment can be mimicked.     

Structural basis for the exceptional stability of bisaminoacylated nucleotides and transfer RNAs

At least one bisaminoacyl-tRNA is synthesized in nature (by Thermus thermophilus phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase), and many disubstituted tRNAs have been prepared in vitro. Such misacylated tRNAs are able to participate in protein synthesis, even though they lack the free 2'-OH group of the 3'-terminal adenosine moiety. Their ready participation in protein synthesis implies significant chemical reactivity. The basis for this reactivity has been documented previously. Surprisingly, the aminoacyl moieties of these tRNAs also exhibit exceptional chemical stability. In the present report, bisaminoacylated nucleotides are investigated computationally and experimentally to define the basis for the stability of such species. Molecular modeling of bisalanyl-AMP in the absence of solvent and in the presence of a limited number of water molecules revealed two common features among the low-energy structures. The first was the presence of H-bonding interactions between the two aminoacyl moieties. The second was the presence of a H-bonding interaction between the 2'-O-alanyl moiety and the N-3 atom of the adenine nucleobase, typically mediated through a water molecule. The prediction of an interaction between an aminoacyl moiety and the adenine nucleobase was confirmed experimentally by comparing the behavior of bisalanyl-AMP and bisalanyl-UMP in the presence of model nucleophiles. This study suggests a possible role for the adenosine moiety at the 3'-end of aminoanyl-tRNAs in controlling the stability and reactivity of the aminoacyl moiety and has important implications for the reactivity and stability of normal aminoacyl-tRNAs.     

信息化可持续发展能力的国际比较——《信息化统计评价研究》系列报告之一

信息通信技术革命作为一种可持续发展的手段,已经对全球经济社会发展产生了巨大的影响,其发展水平已经成为衡量国家综合国力和国际竞争力的重要标志。以国际电信联盟(ITU)为主导,由联合国贸发会议、联合国教科文组织、世界经济论坛等多个国际组织进行的信息化评价综合指数的研究也在不断深入,公布了从不同角度测算的信息化综合指数,为判断国家或地区受益于信息化发展的程度提供了评估方法的框架,并依此来设立加快信息化发展乃至国民经济发展的国家政策。现将一些国际组织研究的信息化综合指数评价指标体系、测算方法、测评结果及分析结论翻译整理出来,通过系列报告的形式介绍给读者,供参考2。     

Determination of heats of tautomerization nitrile-ketenimine by mass spectrometry

Tautomerism of some nitriles has been studied by mass spectrometry. The analysis of the corresponding mass spectra has allowed to assign some fragmentations to specific tautomers and to determine heats of tautomerization through temperature effects and electron energy studies. Experimental determinations are supported by theoretical calculations. The joint analysis of mass spectrometry and DFT-B3LYP data indicate that this tautomeric equilibrium can be studied by the experimental spectrometric strategy employed.     

文献与摘要（147）

高宽带应用的高分子有机硅波导〈br〉 Polymer Waveguide Silicones for High Bandwidth Applications 〈br〉 依托云计算和移动通讯,全球数据流动在爆炸式增长,网络需要高宽带。高宽带传输中铜导体互连技术将至极限,急需发展光纤维或聚合物波导连接技术。聚合物波导可以被集成到PCB中,得到低损耗的高效传输功能。这项技术由IBM和道康宁合作开发,采用挠性有机硅聚合物波导和电路板制造结合,在聚酰亚胺基材上制出光导PCB,具有优异的热、机械和光电稳定性,表明一个可靠的光学波导技术可以构建新型挠性PCB。     

上海市计算机软件著作权登记资助政策解读

正政策背景为了进一步鼓励上海市计算机软件著作权登记,加强软件知识产权保护,促进软件产业发展,根据国务院印发的《关于进一步鼓励软件产业和集成电路产业发展的若干政策》(国发〔2011〕4号)以及上海市人民政府《关于本市进一步鼓励软件产业和集成电路产业发展的若干政策》(沪府发(2012)26号)等要求,上海市设立了"计算机软件著作权登记资助专项资金"(以下简称"资助资金")。