7种云杉属树种花粉形态特征及其系统学的意义

通过扫描电镜观测了云杉属7个种的花粉形态,运用数据统计和图片分析的方法对花粉形态进行对比研究.结果显示:云杉属7个种的花粉大小变动范围为84.59～103.18 μm,均属于两气囊松科花粉;花粉体近极面与气囊过渡明显,形成帽沿;气囊表面纹理较平滑,在种间变异不显著.萌发沟位于花粉体远极面两气囊之间,呈现沟痕的形式.根据...     

Inhibitory Effect of Sodium Alginate Nanoemulsion Coating Containing Myrtle Essential Oil (Myrtus communis L.) on Listeria monocytogenes in Kasar Cheese

The present study aimed to characterize the physical properties of nanoemulsion-based sodium alginate edible coatings containing myrtle (Myrtus communis L.) essential oil and to determine its inhibitory effects on Listeria monocytogenes in fresh Kasar cheese during the 24-day storage at 4 °C. The GC-MS analysis showed that the main components of myrtle essential oil were 1,8-cineol (38.64%), α-pinene (30.19%), d-limonene (7.51%), and α-ocimene (6.57%). Myrtle essential oil showed an inhibitory effect on all tested L. monocytogenes strains and this effect significantly increased after ultrasonication. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of myrtle essential oil nanoemulsion were found to be 4.00–4.67 mg/mL and 5.00–7.33 mg/mL, respectively. The antibacterial activity of myrtle essential oil nanoemulsion against L. monocytogenes was confirmed by the membrane integrity and FESEM analyses. Nanoemulsion coatings containing myrtle essential oil showed antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes with no adverse effects on the physicochemical properties of cheese samples. Nanoemulsion coatings containing 1.0% and 2.0% myrtle essential oil reduced the L. monocytogenes population in cheese during the storage by 0.42 and 0.88 log cfu/g, respectively. These results revealed that nanoemulsion-based alginate edible coatings containing myrtle essential oil have the potential to be used as a natural food preservative.     

Radical kinetics and characterization of the free radicals in gamma irradiated red pepper

Kinetic behaviors and characterization of the natural and γ-induced radicals in irradiated red pepper have been investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to explore the possibility of using this technique in detecting irradiated red pepper and to evaluate the eventual dosimetric features of this widely used food. Unirradiated samples exhibited a single resonance line centered at g=2.0050±0.0005. Photo-exposure of the samples was found to increase the signal intensity. An increase in temperature created a drastic decrease in the concentration of natural radicals responsible for the single resonance line. Irradiation was observed to induce increases in the intensity of single resonance line (signal I) and a radiation specific doublet and/or triplet (signal II) also centered at g=2.0050 but detectable only at high spectrometer gains. The intensities of both signals increased with increasing radiation dose. The signals I and II were found to decay with different rates depending on the temperature. The results of a fitting procedure applied to the experimental signal decay curves and those obtained from room temperature spectra simulation calculations were used together to determine radical species and their spectral characteristics giving rise to the observed experimental spectra. Four radical species, three carbohydrate and one semiquinone radical assigned as radicals A, B, C and D, respectively, were found to best explain the experimental results. All the radicals show large g and hyperfine splitting anisotropies varying between g=2.0028–2.0062 and 1.07–2.58 mT, respectively. The half lives of the radicals were found to depend strongly on temperature. The activation energy calculated using temperature dependent half-life data were the highest for radical A (33.68 kcal/mol) and smallest for radical C (11.83 kcal/mol).     

Structural and Temperature Dependent Electrical Conductivity Properties of Dy<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>–Sm<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> CO-Doped Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>

In the present work, Dy₂O₃ and Sm₂O₃ double-doped Bi₂O₃-based materials are synthesized by exploiting the solid-state synthesis method. The structural and temperature dependent electrical properties of these ternary ceramic samples, which are candidate materials for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) electrolyte, are determined by means of a powder X-ray diffractometer (XRD), the four point-probe method (FPPM), and the thermal-gravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). As a result of the XRD measurements, the fluorite-type fcc δ-phase with a stable structure is obtained for higher values of the dopant oxide material, which are the samples with the maximum content of fixed 20% Dy₂O₃ and 15% and 20% Sm₂O₃. The samples with the stable δ-phase structure have higher conductivities. The highest electrical conductivity is found for the (Bi₂O₃)0.6(Dy₂O₃)_0.2(Sm₂O₃)_0.2 sample, which was 2.5×10^–2 (Ohm cm)^–1 at 750 °C. The activation energies are also calculated from the Arrhenius charts, which were determined from the FPPM measurements. The lowest activation energy is found as 0.85 eV for the sample with the highest electrical conductivity.     

On constructible graphs,locally Helly graphs,and convexity

A (finite or infinite) graph G is constructible if there exists a well‐ordering ≤ of its vertices such that for every vertex x which is not the smallest element, there is a vertex y < x which is adjacent to x and to every neighbor z of x with z < x. Particular constructible graphs are Helly graphs and connected bridged graphs. In this paper we study a new class of constructible graphs, the class of locally Helly graphs. A graph G is locally Helly if, for every pair (x,y) of vertices of G whose distance is d ≥ 2, there exists a vertex whose distance to x is d ? 1 and which is adjacent to y and to all neighbors of y whose distance to x is at most d. Helly graphs are locally Helly, and the converse holds for finite graphs. Among different properties we prove that a locally Helly graph is strongly dismantable, hence cop‐win, if and only if it contains no isometric rays. We show that a locally Helly graph G is finitely Helly, that is, every finite family of pairwise non‐disjoint balls of G has a non‐empty intersection. We give a sufficient condition by forbidden subgraphs so that the three concepts of Helly graphs, of locally Helly graphs and of finitely Helly graphs are equivalent. Finally, generalizing different results, in particular those of Bandelt and Chepoi 1 about Helly graphs and bridged graphs, we prove that the Helly number h(G) of the geodesic convexity in a constructible graph G is equal to its clique number ω(G), provided that ω(G) is finite. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 43: 280–298, 2003     

An assessment of alkyl chain length effect of symmetric İmidazolium salts as a carrier for selective separation of Cr(VI)

Selective solvent extraction (SSX) of Cr(VI) and recovery was evaluated by using a homologous series of symmetric imidazolium bromide salts (SIMs) having various alkyl chain length. Therefore, propyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl substituted SIMs were used as an ion carrier. The executive parameters affecting both extraction and stripping conditions were investigated for optimization. Finally, a direct correlation was observed a between increasing alkyl chain length and selective Cr(VI) extraction from acidic solutions containing Cr(VI), Fe(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Ni(II). This relationship was reversed in the stripping conditions. Optimal extraction and stripping were obtained for SIM5 and SIM2 as 97.49% and 70.00%, respectively.     

End-faithful spanning trees in T1-free graphs

We prove that any connected graph that contains no subdivision of an ℵ₁-regular tree has an end-faithful spanning tree; and furthermore that it has a rayless spanning tree if all its ends are dominated. This improves a result of Seymour and Thomas (An end-faithful spanning tree counterexample, Discrete Math. 95 (1991)). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 26: 175–181, 1997     

Real-Time Moving Target Evaluation Search

In this correspondence, we address the problem of real-time moving target search in dynamic and partially observable environments, and propose an algorithm called real-time moving target evaluation search (MTES). MTES is able to detect the closed directions around the agent and determines the estimated best direction to capture a moving target avoiding the obstacles nearby. We have also developed a new prey algorithm (Prey-A*) to test the existing and our predator algorithms in our experiments. We have obtained an impressive improvement over moving target search, real-time target evaluation search, and real-time edge follow with respect to path length. Furthermore, we have also tested our algorithm against A*.     

On translations of double rays in graphs

Let be an infinite graph, let be a double ray in , and letd andd denote the distance functions in and in , respectively. One calls anaxis ifd(x,y)=d (x,y) and aquasi-axis if lim infd(x,y)/d (x,y)>0 asx, y range over the vertex set of andd (x,y). The present paper brings together in greater generality results of R. Halin concerning invariance of double rays under the action of translations (i.e., graph automorphisms all of whose vertex-orbits are infinite) and results of M. E. Watkins concerning existence of axes in locally finite graphs. It is shown that if is a translation whose directionD() is a thin end, then there exists an axis inD() andD(^–1) invariant under ^r for somer not exceeding the maximum number of disjoint rays inD().The thinness ofD() is necessary. Further results give necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for a translation to leave invariant a quasi-axis.