A generalized approach for the calculation and automation of potentiometric titrations Part 1. Acid-Base Titrations

Fast and accurate calculation procedures for pH and redox potentials are required for optimum control of automatic titrations. The procedure suggested is based on a three-dimensional titration curve V = f(pH, redox potential). All possible interactions between species in the solution, e.g., changes in activity coefficients and influences of redox potential on pH variations, are taken into account. The number of titrant additions can be reduced considerably without loss of precision, by using the fact that the pH of a protolyte or mixture of protolytes at some fraction titrated does not depend strongly on the actual concentration.     

Differences between eastern and western-type nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels as probed by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Mössbauer spectra (MS) at room temperature have been collected for non-irradiated Eastern- and Western-type nuclear reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels. All samples showed a typical Mössbauer spectrum for steels with a low alloy-element concentration. Analysis with distributed hyperfine parameters revealed that the spectra consist of two magnetically split subspectra and that only for the Western-type RPV steels a small doublet is present. The analysis of the resulting H_hf-distribution profiles showed that for the Eastern-type steels the relative area for the ''perturbed'' component is more pronounced, and that it has a more complex structure than the corresponding profile for the Western-type steels. The additional doublet present in the MS of the Western-type steels could be assigned to Mn and/or Cr-substituted cementite, while no carbide doublet was observed for the Eastern-type RPV steel, Cr₂₃C₆, Cr₇C₃ and VC being the principal carbides. The distinctions between the two types of steel are due to compositional differences. The results further show that Mössbauer spectroscopy is sensitive to small changes in composition and hence is capable of distinguishing between different types of steel.     

2-(diphenylphosphinoyl) pyrrolidines; versatile reagents for the synthesis of heterocyclic enamines and enamides.

A method is described for the preparation of N-substituted 2-(diphenylphosphinoyl) pyrrolidines. Application of these phosphine oxides in the Horner-Wittig reaction affords heterocyclic enamines and enamides in good yields.     

Determination of arsenic and antimony in water and soil by hydride generation and atomic absorption spectroscopy

Summary A colorimetric field method for the determination of As and Sb was compared with atomic absorption (AA) techniques using both graphite furnace atomic absorption and the hydride generating technique with the heated quartz cell.During the intercomparison experiments the importance of the addition of KI before the addition of the NaBH₄ reagent to the sample was clearly demonstrated. Compared with the colorimetric technique the AA hydride technique with the heated quartz cell was found to suffer from interferences by other hydride forming elements. Slow addition of NaBH₄ (5 min in case of the colorimetric method) results in a longer reaction time giving a complete transformation of the hydride forming elements. The work also includes the optimization of various analytical parameters with respect to the hydride technique.

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Bestimmung von Arsen und Antimon im Wasser und Boden durch Natriumborhydrid-Reduktion und Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie

Zusammenfassung Eine colorimetrische Feldmethode wird mit den Labormethoden der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie verglichen, wobei sowohl auf die Quarzrohrmethode als auch die Graphitofenmethode eingegangen wird.Nachgewiesen wird, da\ den Proben Kaliumiodid zugesetzt werden mu\, um störende Einflüsse anderer Metalle auf die Reaktion von As und Sb mit NaBH₄ zu verhindern. Im Vergleich zu der colorimetrischen Technik wurde bei der Hydridmethode, mit Atomisierung im hei\en Quarzrohr, eine störende Wirkung anderer hydridbildender Elemente festgestellt.Bei der colorimetrischen Methode lÄ\t sich dieser Störungseinflu\ durch langsame Zugabe von NaBH₄ vermindern (5 min). Die Optimalisierung von Parametern bei der Hydridmethode zur Asund Sb-Bestimmung wird beschrieben.

     

An exactly soluble relaxation problem

The problem of a particle moving in a two-valued random potential occurred in a recent paper by Pomeau. The exact time-dependent solution is here obtained for a quadratic potential by two different methods. The first method treats the problem as a stochastic differential equation and leads to the characteristic function of the probability distribution of the particle coordinate. In the second method the equation for the joint probability density of particle and potential is solved, which leads to the temporal Laplace transform of the distribution. The spectral properties of the evolution operator are examined.     

A quantitative evaluation of the reliability of calculated decay properties of nuclei in the mass region A=24−28

Electromagnetic transition rates and logft values were calculated for transitions between positive-parity states in theA=24?28 mass region. The wave functions used were taken from a previous paper. In general we found satisfactory agreement with experiment. In order to have a measure of the stability of the results against changes in the Hamiltonian a method was developed for assigning errors to calculated transition properties. The renormalized single-particle matrix elements of theE2 andM 1 transition operators were determined in a phenomenological way. To this end use was made of the errors just mentioned. It was found that good agreement was obtained with bare-nucleonM 1 singleparticle matrix elements and a state independent effective isoscalar charge for theE 2 operator. Predictions for static moments are given.     

Determination of hydrogen and deuterium in zircaloy by vacuum extraction and mass spectrometry

Summary An apparatus is described for the determination of hydrogen and deuterium in zircaloy by vacuum extraction at 1000–1100 C and mass spectrometry. The procedure is given in detail and items like blanks, sensitivity, reproducibility, and isotope effects are discussed.

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Bestimmung von Wasserstoff und Deuterium in Zircaloy durch Vakuumextraktion und Massenspektrometrie

Zusammenfassung Eine apparative Anordnung zur H- und D-Bestimmung in Zircaloy durch Vakuumextraktion bei 1000–1100° C und anschließende massenspektrometrische Messung wird beschrieben. Blindwerte, Empfindlichkeit, Reproduzierbarkeit und Isotopeneffekte werden diskutiert.

     

Noble-gas broadening of an optical transition of I2 measured by coherent transients. III. Two-pulse photon echo and free induction decay

We report two-pulse photon echo decay and free induction decay measurements of iodine as a function of noble-gas pressure. The non-exponential behavior of the two-pulse photon echo decay which in contrast to the free induction decay shows a t³ dependence, is extensively discussed. A comparison with the results of the three-pulse stimulated echo measurements is made. The results are interpretated in terms of a quantum mechanical transport equation, and analytical expressions are derived for the three-pulse stimulated echo, two-pulse echo and free induction decay.