全文获取类型
收费全文 | 19183篇 |
免费 | 3327篇 |
国内免费 | 2292篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 13517篇 |
晶体学 | 177篇 |
力学 | 1105篇 |
综合类 | 118篇 |
数学 | 2717篇 |
物理学 | 7168篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 58篇 |
2023年 | 412篇 |
2022年 | 538篇 |
2021年 | 646篇 |
2020年 | 844篇 |
2019年 | 757篇 |
2018年 | 671篇 |
2017年 | 628篇 |
2016年 | 960篇 |
2015年 | 901篇 |
2014年 | 1054篇 |
2013年 | 1426篇 |
2012年 | 1664篇 |
2011年 | 1753篇 |
2010年 | 1229篇 |
2009年 | 1100篇 |
2008年 | 1249篇 |
2007年 | 1105篇 |
2006年 | 980篇 |
2005年 | 883篇 |
2004年 | 704篇 |
2003年 | 614篇 |
2002年 | 683篇 |
2001年 | 542篇 |
2000年 | 437篇 |
1999年 | 429篇 |
1998年 | 342篇 |
1997年 | 311篇 |
1996年 | 330篇 |
1995年 | 291篇 |
1994年 | 232篇 |
1993年 | 163篇 |
1992年 | 165篇 |
1991年 | 158篇 |
1990年 | 123篇 |
1989年 | 94篇 |
1988年 | 54篇 |
1987年 | 56篇 |
1986年 | 71篇 |
1985年 | 47篇 |
1984年 | 32篇 |
1983年 | 26篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 11篇 |
1980年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
961.
Qumei Jin Fengyu Qu Jingjie Jiang Yan Dong Wei Guo Huiming Lin 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2013,66(3):466-471
A novel dual-drug delivery system based on mesoporous-macroporous silica/polyelectrolytes-SBA-15 has been synthesized. The structure and composition of these materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. In this system, water-soluble metformin hydrochloride and fat-soluble ibuprofen were used as model drugs to study the controlled release behavior. The pH-controlled release of individual drugs was obtained by the primary release of metformin hydrochloride from polyelectrolytes-SBA-15 in acid condition and the predominant release of ibuprofen from MMC in alkaline environment. The results show that the polyelectrolytes-SBA-15/mesoporous-macroporous silica can be used as dual-drug release system and the individual drug can be controlled release with the change of pH value of the environment. 相似文献
962.
Yanan Hao Xiaohui Wang Hui Zhang Limin Guo Longtu Li 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2013,67(1):182-187
Ultrafine tetragonal BaTiO3 nanocrystals have been prepared by a sol–gel based method. By adjusting the volume ratio of H2O/DEG (diethylene glycol) in the solutions, hydrolysis rate of tetra-n-butyl titanate was strongly inhibited and the particle size could be controlled as small as 4–8 nm. The powder X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy characterizations exhibit that the nanocrystals are spherical and well crystallized. The Raman spectrum shows the products are composed of the orthorhombic phase and tetragonal phase. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed that a surface modification layer was formed around the BaTiO3 nanocrystals, which can prevent them from aggregation and help to form a stable, high solid content sol. 相似文献
963.
Xingzhong Guo Wenyan Li Hui Yang Kazuyoshi Kanamori Yang Zhu Kazuki Nakanishi 《Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology》2013,67(2):406-413
An in situ two-step processing using an initial acid catalysis step accompanied by an epoxide-mediated condensation step in the presence of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is reported, and macroporous cocontinuous methylsilsesquioxane (MSQ) monoliths have been successfully prepared by this processing. We explain the hydrolysis, gelation behavior and phase separation of MTMS(methyltrimethoxysilane)-MeOH(methanol)-HCl-PO(propylene oxide) system and the in situ effect of NH4Cl, and examine the macroporous morphology and pore structures of MSQ monoliths obtained under different conditions. Macroporous MSQ monolith under optimized conditions possesses a narrow macropore size distribution between 3 to 10 μm, surface area as high as 366 m2·g?1 and minimal shrinkage of only 1 %. 相似文献
964.
965.
Shuwen Li Zhengping Dong Honglei Yang Shujing Guo Galian Gou Ren Ren Zhejun Zhu Prof. Jun Jin Jiantai Ma 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(7):2384-2391
A new catalyst consisting of ionic liquid (IL)‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) obtained through 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition support‐enhanced electrocatalytic Pd nanoparticles (Pd@IL(Cl?)‐CNTs) was successfully fabricated and applied in direct ethanol alkaline fuel cells. The morphology, structure, component and stability of Pd@IL(Cl?)‐CNTs were systematic characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Raman spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The new catalyst exhibited higher electrocatalytic activity, better tolerance and electrochemical stability than the Pd nanoparticles (NPs) immobilized on CNTs (Pd@CNTs), which was ascribed to the effects of the IL, larger electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), and greater processing performance. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) at various scan rates illustrated that the oxidation behaviors of ethanol at all electrodes were controlled by diffusion processes. The investigation of the different counteranions demonstrated that the performance of the IL‐CNTs hybrid material was profoundly influenced by the subtly varied structures of the IL moiety. All the results indicated that the Pd@IL(Cl?)‐CNTs catalyst is an efficient anode catalyst, which has potential applications in direct ethanol fuel cells and the strategy of IL functionalization of CNTs could be available to prepare other carbonaceous carrier supports to enhance the dispersivity, stability, and catalytic performance of metal NPs as well. 相似文献
966.
Gadolinium(III)‐Hydroxy Ladders Trapped in Succinate Frameworks with Optimized Magnetocaloric Effect
Yan‐Cong Chen Fu‐Sheng Guo Prof. Dr. Yan‐Zhen Zheng Jun‐Liang Liu Ji‐Dong Leng Róbert Tarasenko Prof. Dr. Martin Orendáč Dr. Jan Prokleška Prof. Dr. Vladimír Sechovský Prof. Dr. Ming‐Liang Tong 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(40):13504-13510
Two kinds of inorganic gadolinium(III)‐hydroxy “ladders”, [2×n] and [3×n], were successfully trapped in succinate (suc) coordination polymers, [Gd2(OH)2(suc)2(H2O)]n ? 2n H2O ( 1 ) and [Gd6(OH)8(suc)5(H2O)2]n ? 4n H2O ( 2 ), respectively. Such coordination polymers could be regarded as alternating inorganic–organic hybrid materials with relatively high density. Magnetic and heat capacity studies reveal a large cryogenic magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in both compounds, namely (ΔH=70 kG) 42.8 J kg?1 K?1 for complex 1 and 48.0 J kg?1 K?1 for complex 2 . The effect of the high density is evident, which gives very large volumetric MCEs up to 120 and 144 mJ cm?3 K?1 for complexes 1 and 2 , respectively. 相似文献
967.
Dr. Meiling Guo Prof. Dr. Zhaochi Feng Dr. Jan P. Hofmann Prof. Dr. Bert M. Weckhuysen Dr. Fengtao Fan Prof. Dr. Can Li 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(42):14200-14204
Microporous vanadosilicates with octahedral VO6 and tetrahedral SiO4 units, better known as AM‐6, have been hydrothermally synthesized with different morphologies by controlling the Na/K molar ratio of the initial gel mixtures. The morphology of the AM‐6 materials changed from bulky cube to nanofiber aggregates as the Na/K molar ratio decreased from 1.9 to 0.2. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the VO3? intermediate species plays an important role in the formation of the nanofiber morphology. The orientation of ‐V‐O‐V‐ chains in nanofiber aggregates was examined by confocal polarized micro‐Raman spectroscopy. It was found that these aggregates are assemblies of short ‐V‐O‐V‐ chains perpendicular to the axis of nanofibers. The obtained AM‐6 nanofibers greatly increase the exposed proportion of V? O terminals, and thus improve the catalytic performance. 相似文献
968.
Yu‐Sheng Su Dr. Yongzhu Fu Dr. Bingkun Guo Dr. Sheng Dai Prof. Arumugam Manthiram 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(26):8621-8626
The cathodic reactions in Li–S batteries can be divided into two steps. Firstly, elemental sulfur is transformed into long‐chain polysulfides (S8?Li2S4), which are highly soluble in the electrolyte. Next, long‐chain polysulfides undergo nucleation reaction and convert into solid‐state Li2S2 and Li2S (Li2S4?Li2S) by slow processes. As a result, the second‐step of the electrochemical reaction hinders the high‐rate application of Li–S batteries. In this report, the kinetics of the sulfur/long‐chain‐polysulfide redox couple (theoretical capacity=419 mA h g?1) are experimentally demonstrated to be very fast in the Li–S system. A Li–S cell with a blended carbon interlayer retains excellent cycle stability and possesses a high percentage of active material utilization over 250 cycles at high C rates. The meso‐/micropores in the interlayer are responsible for accommodating the shuttling polysulfides and offering sufficient electrolyte accessibility. Therefore, utilizing the sulfur/long‐chain polysulfide redox couple with an efficient interlayer configuration in Li–S batteries may be a promising choice for high‐power applications. 相似文献
969.
Chengzhou Zhu Shaojun Guo Prof. Shaojun Dong 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(3):1104-1111
We have demonstrated a rapid and general strategy to synthesize novel three‐dimensional PdPt bimetallic alloy nanosponges in the absence of a capping agent. Significantly, the as‐prepared PdPt bimetallic alloy nanosponges exhibited greatly enhanced activity and stability towards ethanol/methanol electrooxidation in an alkaline medium, which demonstrates the potential of applying these PdPt bimetallic alloy nanosponges as effective electrocatalysts for direct alcohol fuel cells. In addition, this simple method has also been applied for the synthesis of AuPt, AuPd bimetallic, and AuPtPd trimetallic alloy nanosponges. The as‐synthesized three‐dimensional bimetallic/trimetallic alloy nanosponges, because of their convenient preparation, well‐defined sponge‐like network, large‐scale production, and high electrocatalytic performance for ethanol/methanol electrooxidation, may find promising potential applications in various fields, such as formic acid oxidation or oxygen reduction reactions, electrochemical sensors, and hydrogen‐gas sensors. 相似文献
970.
Dr. Guo‐Qiang Kong Zhi‐Da Han Dr. Yabing He Sha Ou Dr. Wei Zhou Prof. Dr. Taner Yildirim Prof. Dr. Rajamani Krishna Dr. Chao Zou Prof. Dr. Banglin Chen Prof. Dr. Chuan‐De Wu 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2013,19(44):14886-14894
Two new organic building units that contain dicarboxylate sites for their self‐assembly with paddlewheel [Cu2(CO2)4] units have been successfully developed to construct two isoreticular porous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), ZJU‐35 and ZJU‐36, which have the same tbo topologies (Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR) symbol) as HKUST‐1. Because the organic linkers in ZJU‐35 and ZJU‐36 are systematically enlarged, the pores in these two new porous MOFs vary from 10.8 Å in HKUST‐1 to 14.4 Å in ZJU‐35 and 16.5 Å in ZJU‐36, thus leading to their higher porosities with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of 2899 and 4014 m2 g?1 for ZJU‐35 and ZJU‐36, respectively. High‐pressure gas‐sorption isotherms indicate that both ZJU‐35 and ZJU‐36 can take up large amounts of CH4 and CO2, and are among the few porous MOFs with the highest volumetric storage of CH4 under 60 bar and CO2 under 30 bar at room temperature. Their potential for high‐pressure swing adsorption (PSA) hydrogen purification was also preliminarily examined and compared with several reported MOFs, thus indicating the potential of ZJU‐35 and ZJU‐36 for this important application. Studies show that most of the highly porous MOFs that can volumetrically take up the greatest amount of CH4 under 60 bar and CO2 under 30 bar at room temperature are those self‐assembled from organic tetra‐ and hexacarboxylates that contain m‐benzenedicarboxylate units with the [Cu2(CO2)4] units, because this series of MOFs can have balanced porosities, suitable pores, and framework densities to optimize their volumetric gas storage. The realization of the two new organic building units for their construction of highly porous MOFs through their self‐assembly with [Cu2(CO2)4] units has provided great promise for the exploration of a large number of new tetra‐ and hexacarboxylate organic linkers based on these new organic building units in which different aromatic backbones can be readily incorporated into the frameworks to tune their porosities, pore structures, and framework densities, thus targeting some even better performing MOFs for very high gas storage and efficient gas separation under high pressure and at room temperature in the near future. 相似文献