Solventless Formation of G‐Quartet Complexes Based on Alkali and Alkaline Earth Salts on Au(111)

Template cations have been extensively employed in the formation, stabilization and regulation of structural polymorphism of G‐quadruplex structures in vitro. However, the direct addition of salts onto solid surfaces, especially under ultra‐high‐vacuum (UHV) conditions, to explore the feasibility and universality of the formation of G‐quartet complexes in a solventless environment has not been reported. By combining UHV‐STM imaging and DFT calculations, we have shown that three different G‐quartet‐M (M: Na/K/Ca) complexes can be obtained on Au(111) using alkali and alkaline earth salts as reactants. We have also identified the driving forces (intra‐quartet hydrogen bonding and electrostatic ionic bonding) for the formation of these complexes and quantified the interactions involved. Our results demonstrate a novel route to fabricate G‐quartet‐related complexes on solid surfaces, providing an alternative feasible way to bring metal elements to surfaces for constructing metal–organic systems.     

Screening of drugs of abuse and toxic compounds in human whole blood using online solid‐phase extraction and high‐performance liquid chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry

A novel method for the screening of 151 drugs of abuse and toxic compounds in human whole blood has been developed and validated by online solid‐phase extraction with liquid chromatography coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Analytes were extracted and separated by using a fully automated online solid‐phase extraction liquid chromatography system with total chromatographic run time of 26 min. Time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry screening of 151 drugs of abuse and toxic compounds was performed in a full‐scan (m/z 50–800) mode using an MS^E acquisition of molecular ions and fragment ions data at two collision energies (one was 6 eV and another one was in the range of 5–45 eV). The compounds were identified based on retention times and exact mass of molecular ions and fragment ions. The limit of detection ranged from 1 to 100 ng/mL and the recovery of the method ranged from 6.3 to 163.5%. This method is proved to be a valuable screening method allowing fast and specific identification of drugs in human whole blood.     

分级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼担载的铂基高效甲醇氧化电催化剂

高性能低成本的担载型铂基催化剂是直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)实用化过程中的一大挑战.利用高比表面积、高稳定性、容易负载金属的载体实现 Pt颗粒的高度分散,既可提高催化剂的催化性能,又可提高 Pt的利用率以降低成本,是担载型 Pt基催化剂实用化的有效途径.碳材料是一种常用的催化剂载体,近年来我们课题组发展了一种高性能的碳纳米笼材料,并可通过异原子掺杂调变其表面性能,提高其活性和负载能力.我们采用原位氧化镁模板法制备氮掺杂碳纳米笼：以具有多级结构的碱式碳酸镁作为氧化镁模板的前体,吡啶为碳源和氮源,经高温热解沉积,在原位形成的氧化镁模板表面形成氮掺杂的石墨化碳纳米薄层;经稀盐酸浸泡并洗涤,获得高纯度的氮掺杂碳纳米笼.氮掺杂碳纳米笼具有分等级的微纳米结构、高导电性、高比表面积和可调变的孔结构,结合表面氮原子的锚钉作用,氮掺杂碳纳米笼有望成为电化学催化剂 Pt的优良载体.
　　在前期研究基础上,本文探索多级结构氮掺杂碳纳米笼(hNCNC)作为新型载体负载 Pt的能力,并评价所构建的负载型催化剂 Pt/hNCNC的电催化性能.通过简便的微波辅助多元醇还原法,将氯铂酸还原成 Pt纳米粒子负载于 hNCNC的表面.为了揭示氮掺杂的效应,我们对比研究了具有相似分级结构但无掺杂的碳纳米笼(hCNC)以及商业化活性炭(Val-can XC-72)作为载体的情况.经热重(TG)和 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析,三种催化剂 Pt/hNCNC、Pt/hCNC和 Pt/XC-72的负载量均接近理论负载量(23.1 wt%),都主要以金属态存在.然而,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果表明, Pt/hNCNC的 Pt分散状态优于 Pt/hCNC,更远优于 Pt/XC-72. Pt/hNCNC的平均 Pt粒径最小,仅约3.3 nm.这种良好的分散状态主要得益于氮原子掺杂,高负电性的氮原子改变了局域的表面极性,有利于 Pt颗粒的成核,也有利于固定 Pt颗粒.
　　由于 hNCNC对 Pt的优异分散能力, Pt/hNCNC表现出高的电化学活性面积.氢吸附和一氧化碳溶出伏安曲线表明, Pt/hNCNC的电化学活性面积高于 Pt/hCNC和 Pt/XC-72,这与显微观察和 X射线衍射(XRD)结果相吻合. Pt/hNCNC展现出优异的甲醇电催化氧化活性和高稳定性,其催化电流明显高于 Pt/hCNC和 Pt/XC-72,电流衰减亦慢于 Pt/hCNC和 Pt/XC-72. hNCNC的分级微纳米结构有利于孔内传质和电子输运,从而提高反应速度. hNCNC的氮掺杂有利于 Pt在载体表面的分散,增强了载体-金属相互作用,提高了电化学活性面积和催化活性.为了进一步考察 hNCNC对 Pt的负载能力,本文还考察了高负载量 Pt/hNCNC的性能.在负载量高达60 wt%时, Pt/hNCNC中的 Pt颗粒仍无明显聚集,其甲醇氧化电流增加了30%,可以有效提高 DMFC的输出电流密度.
　　综上可见, hNCNC可以有效分散并稳定 Pt颗粒,从而提高电化学活性面积和甲醇电催化氧化活性,优于未掺杂的碳纳米笼和传统碳材料,展示了 hNCNC高分散 Pt颗粒用作 DMFC的高效阳极催化剂的重要前景,也表明 hNCNC有望成为应用广泛的新型载体.     

One-step synthesis of porous PtNiCu trimetallic nanoalloy with enhanced electrocatalytic performance toward methanol oxidation

Pt-based alloy nanoporous structures have attracted a lot of attention because of their high activity and stability toward alcohol oxidation reactions. Especially, Pt alloying with Earth-abundant metal can lower the cost of catalyst. Here, we introduce a one-pot approach to synthesize bimetallic PtCu and Ni-doped PtCu nanoalloy with porous structure. The as-synthesized Ni-doped Pt₆₀Ni₃Cu₃₇ nanoalloys exhibit excellent electrocatalytic properties toward methanol oxidation in acidic medium. The mass activity of the as-synthesized Pt₆₀Ni₃Cu₃₇ nanoalloys is 3.6 times and 5.3 times that of Pt₅₅Cu₄₅ nanoalloys and commercial Pt black for methanol oxidation in 0.2?M methanol solution. Besides, the stability of the as-synthesized Pt₆₀Ni₃Cu₃₇ nanoalloys was much better than Pt₅₅Cu₄₅ nanoalloys and commercial Pt black. After 3600?s chronoamperometry test, the remaining values of the Pt₆₀Ni₃Cu₃₇ nanoalloys are 3.7 times and 11.0 times that of Pt₅₅Cu₄₅ nanoalloys and commercial Pt black. And it is the first time to report that small amount of Ni dopants can boost the activity and stability of PtNiCu alloys toward methanol oxidation.     

产腈水解酶重组菌的发酵工艺及催化性质研究

为了提升腈水解酶转化3-氰基吡啶制备烟酸的工艺经济性并为其工业应用奠定基础,对重组大肠杆菌E.coli BL21（DE3）-NIT进行了pH-stat高密度发酵以及催化性质研究.结果显示,高密度发酵实验中获得最高菌体OD₆₀₀为136.8,细胞干重61.97 g/L,最高酶活为558.6 U/mL;进一步考察了重组菌在不同温度、pH、金属离子以及有机溶剂等条件下的催化特性.最后,将高密度发酵获得的菌体制备成静息细胞,在30℃、pH 7.2条件下,280 min内共转化200 mmol/L底物总计24批次,烟酸累积浓度590 g/L,是目前文献所报道生物法合成烟酸最高水平.     

二氢嘧啶并[4,5-d]嘧啶类衍生物作为集落刺激因子-1受体激酶抑制剂的分子对接和定量构效关系研究

集落刺激因子-1受体激酶（CSF-1R）属于Ⅲ型受体酪氨酸激酶家族成员,其在调控单核巨噬细胞系中发挥重要作用。CSF-1R及其配体异常表达与肿瘤发展过程密切相关。因此,CSF-1R信号传导可成为抗肿瘤治疗的有吸引力的靶标。本文用比较分子场分析法（CoMFA）和比较分子相似性指数分析法（CoMSIA）研究了54个二氢嘧啶并[4,5-d]嘧啶类CSF-1R激酶抑制剂的三维定量构效关系（3D-QSAR）。基于配体叠合,CoMFA和CoMSIA模型的交叉验证系数（q2）分别为0.725和0.636,拟合验证系数（r2）分别为0.960和0.958,结果表明这两种模型均具有较好的预测能力。所建模型的等势图能直观反映分子不同取代基对活性的影响,其中立体场和疏水场对活性的贡献较大。通过分子对接研究显示,氨基酸残基Cys666、Asp796在配体和受体结合过程中产生作用,分子对接的结合模式与3D-QSAR得到的结果一致。这些信息为进一步优化CSF-1R激酶抑制剂提供了理论基础。     

A Fluorescent Sensor for Dual‐Channel Discrimination between Phosgene and a Nerve‐Gas Mimic

The ability to analyze highly toxic chemical warfare agents (CWAs) and related chemicals in a rapid and precise manner is essential in order to alleviate serious threats to humankind and public security caused by unexpected terrorist attacks and industrial accidents. In this investigation, we designed a o‐phenylenediamine‐pyronin linked dye that is capable of both fluorogenic and colorimetric discrimination between phosgene and the prototypical nerve‐agent mimic, diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) in the solution or gas phase. Moreover, this dye has been used to construct a portable kit that can be employed for real‐time monitoring of DCP and phosgene in the field, both in a discriminatory manner, and in a simple and safe way.     

Engineered Molecular Chain Ordering in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Polyaniline Composite Films for High‐Performance Organic Thermoelectric Materials

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)/polyaniline (PANI) composite films with enhanced thermoelectric properties were prepared by combining in situ polymerization and solution processing. Conductive atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements confirmed that solution processing and strong π–π interactions between the PANI and SWNTs induced the PANI molecules to form a highly ordered structure. The improved degree of order of the PANI molecular arrangement increased the carrier mobility and thereby enhanced the electrical transport properties of PANI. The maximum in‐plane electrical conductivity and power factor of the SWNTs/PANI composite films reached 1.44×10³ S cm^?1 and 217 μW m^?1 K^?2, respectively, at room temperature. Furthermore, a thermoelectric generator fabricated with the SWNTs/PANI composite films showed good electric generation ability and stability. A high power density of 10.4 μW cm^?2 K^?1 was obtained, which is superior to most reported results obtained in organic thermoelectric modules.     

Corrosion inhibition and performance evaluation on 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole and its derivatives

Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), this paper evaluated the inhibition effect of four 2,5‐diaryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole and its derivatives named 2,5‐diphenly‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (DPTD), 2,5‐di(2‐hydroxyphenly)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (2‐DHPTD), 2,5‐di(3‐hydroxyphenly)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (3‐DHPTD), and 2,5‐di(4‐hydroxyphenly)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole (4‐DHPTD) on silver strip corrosion in 50 mg/l sulfur–ethanol solution under room temperature. The experiments indicated that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing inhibitor concentrations, and the increasing order was (4‐DHPDT) > (3‐DHPDT) > (2‐DHPDT) > (DPDT). Quantum chemical calculation was applied to correlate inhibition performances with their electronic structural parameters of thiadiazole derivatives. Molecular dynamics simulations (DFT) were used to optimize the equilibrium configurations of the inhibitor molecules on the silver surface and to investigate the molecular structure effect on the corrosion inhibition efficiency. The efficiency order of the investigated inhibitors, which was obtained by experimental results, was verified by theoretical calculations. Contact angle (CA) analysis was also carried out, and finally confirmed the existence of the adsorbed film which prevailed in addition of thiadiazole derivatives. CA analysis indicated that the film of n‐DHPTD (n = 2,3,4) was hydrophilic, owing to two hydroxyl groups in their molecular. The adsorption of these compounds onto silver strip from 50 mg/l S‐ethanol system obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm, and it belongs to mixed‐type adsorption mainly dominated by chemisorption. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于碳点多功能纳米载药体系的制备及pH响应释药性能研究

采用一步微波法成功制备了表面带氨基的荧光纳米碳点CDots, 并通过酰胺化反应将靶向基团叶酸接枝到碳点表面, 成功获得中间产物CDots-FA. 在此基础上, 通过已合成四臂端酰肼基化合物2与抗肿瘤药物阿霉素(DOX)连接, 实现在碳点表面的阿霉素药物分子的化学键合, 最终获得多功能纳米载药体系DOX-CDots-FA. 利用原子力显微镜(AFM)、高分辨透射电镜(HR-TEM)和荧光光谱仪对荧光纳米碳点CDots的性能进行表征, 并通过核磁共振、紫外-可见吸收光谱对DOX-CDots-FA结构、接枝率进行了表征. 同时对纳米载药体系DOX-CDots-FA体外药物释放行为、细胞毒性及细胞摄取成像进行了系统的研究. 结果表明, DOX-CDots-FA具有良好的pH响应性. 叶酸靶向基团能加速DOX-CDots-FA被HeLa (FR+)细胞摄取, 并表现出更强的细胞毒性. 同时细胞摄入成像实验表明, 在叶酸靶向作用下, DOX-CDots-FA通过内吞作用进入HeLa细胞, 随后阿霉素被释放出来并进入细胞核区域, 抑制细胞的生长, 从而实现靶向治疗, 降低毒副作用.