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151.
Significance of comproportionation reaction in multi-step electrochemical reduction of fullerene C60
Voltammetry at platinum ultramicroelectrode in 1,2-dichlorobenzene shows that for a high concentration of supporting electrolyte, THAPF6, reduction waves 1, 2 and 3 of C60 are of identical height. When supporting electrolyte concentration is lowered, the second and the third wave become lower than the first one. This feature does not agree with simple reduction mechanism under diffusion-migration transport, but supports the model, by Amatore and coworkers, that assumes very fast comproportionation reaction. According to this model, higher-charged fullerene anions are present only in the proximity of the electrode surface, because they react with lower-charged intermediates and are eventually converted to single-charged fullerene anions. Only single-charged anions are transported into the bulk of the solution. 相似文献
152.
Łukasz Janczewski Małgorzata Walczak Justyna Frączyk Zbigniew J. Kamiński 《合成通讯》2013,43(23):3290-3300
The microwave-assisted Cannizzaro reaction was studied in order to develop fully reproducible synthetic protocols for transformation of aldehydes to carboxylic acid and alcohols. Optimised were the following process parameters: power, temperature, and time. Aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were used in the studies. It was found that furfural, thiophene-2-carbaldehyde, pyridinecarboxaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes react under mild conditions, while 1-methyl-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde derivatives and aliphatic aldehydes require more drastic reaction conditions and a longer exposure time to microwave radiation. 相似文献
153.
154.
Zbigniew Grobelny Barbara Morejko-Bu? Adalbert Maercker 《European Polymer Journal》2004,40(2):409-414
Transfer of one electron from potassium anion of alkalide K−, K+(15-crown-5)2 to the double bond of vinyloxirane results in the oxirane ring opening exclusively in the α-position. K0 and radical anions are formed in the process. The former transfers the second electron mainly to the next monomer molecule. The latter dimerize to potassium glycoxides, which initiate the polymerization of vinyloxirane. The introduction of two CH2 groups between the double bond and the oxirane ring changes the way of electron transfer. The oxirane ring of 3-butenyloxirane becomes the electron acceptor and its opening occurs in the β-position. In this case K0 transfers the second electron to the primarily formed radical anion giving an organopotassium intermediate. It reacts with crown ether. Potassium alkoxides are the reaction products. They become the real initiators of 3-butenyloxirane polymerization. 相似文献
155.
Adrian J.M. Clarke Evelyn Hesse Zbigniew Ulanowski Paul H. Kaye 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》2006,100(1-3):103-114
A 3D implementation of a new model of light scattering applicable to dielectric faceted objects is introduced. The model combines standard geometric optics with diffraction on individual facets. It can be applied to any faceted geometry. The model adds no significant computational overheads to classical geometric optics yet provides much improved results. Initial results for long hexagonal columns are compared to SVM and appear favourable. 2D scattering patterns are calculated for a hexagonal column in a fixed orientation and compared to those created by ice analogue crystals in the laboratory with close agreement. The comparison includes the observation of a guided wave propagating along the length of the column. The new model is then applied to a selection of geometries to illustrate how it could be used to aid particle characterization, particularly in the case of cirrus ice. 相似文献
156.
Adam Bieńkowski Zbigniew Kaczkowski Roman Szewczyk 《Czechoslovak Journal of Physics》2002,52(1):A85-A88
Initial curve, major and minor magnetostriction hysteresis loops of the NiFe2O4 ferrite as the functions of static magnetic field were investgated. Magnetostriction hysteresis loops as the functions of static induction are also presented. The experimental phenomenon of “liftoff” value of the magnetostriction loop is detected. 相似文献
157.
158.
Kamil Walczak 《Central European Journal of Physics》2006,4(2):241-253
In this work we study the effect of decoherence on elastic and polaronic transport via discrete quantum states. Calculations
are performed with the help of a nonperturbative computational scheme, based on Green’s function theory within the framework
of polaron transformation (GFT-PT), where the many-body electron-phonon interaction problem is mapped exactly into a single-electron
multi-channel scattering problem. In particular, the influence of dephasing and relaxation processes on the shape of the electrical
current and shot noise curves is discussed in detail under linear and nonlinear transport conditions. 相似文献
159.
160.
Lie coalgebra equips an exterior algebra (algebra of fermions) with a structure of a differential algebra. In similar way we equip an algebra of quantum fermions (quantized exterior algebra) with a structure of a differential algebra. This leads to a notion of a variety of Lie coalgebras for a Hecke braid. This approach is different from that of Gurevich (1988 and 1993), Woronowicz (1989) and of Majid (1993). 相似文献