Algebras of Log-Integrable Functions and Operators

We show that certain spaces of \(\log \)-integrable functions and operators are complete topological \(*\)-algebras with respect to a natural metric space structure. We explore connections with the Nevanlinna class of holomorphic functions.     

Methods and Supports for Immobilization and Stabilization of Cyclomaltodextrin Glucanotransferase from Thermoanaerobacter

Thermoanaerobacter cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was immobilized using different supports and immobilization methods to study the effect on activity recovery. The enzyme covalently attached into glyoxyl-silica showed low activity recovery of 1.5%. The hydrophobic adsorption of the enzyme on Octadecyl-Sepabeads yielded also low activity recovery, 3.83%, and the enzyme could easily leak from the support at low ionic strength, although the immobilization yield was satisfactory, approximately 76%. The CGTase encapsulated in a sol–gel matrix gave an activity recovery of 6.94% and maximum cyclization activity at 60 °C, at pH 6.0. The half-time life at 60 °C, pH 6.0, in the presence of substrate was 100 min, which was lower than that of the free enzyme. The best activity recovery in this work (6.94%) is approximately five times smaller than that obtained previously using glyoxyl-agarose as support and covalent immobilization. Thus, the best support and method we tested so far for immobilization of CGTase is covalent attachment on glyoxyl-agarose.     

The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks

In the past years, network theory has successfully characterized the interaction among the constituents of a variety of complex systems, ranging from biological to technological, and social systems. However, up until recently, attention was almost exclusively given to networks in which all components were treated on equivalent footing, while neglecting all the extra information about the temporal- or context-related properties of the interactions under study. Only in the last years, taking advantage of the enhanced resolution in real data sets, network scientists have directed their interest to the multiplex character of real-world systems, and explicitly considered the time-varying and multilayer nature of networks. We offer here a comprehensive review on both structural and dynamical organization of graphs made of diverse relationships (layers) between its constituents, and cover several relevant issues, from a full redefinition of the basic structural measures, to understanding how the multilayer nature of the network affects processes and dynamics.     

Global response of laminar flow separation to local flow perturbations (review)

In the present paper, we summarize our experimental data on flow separation control on wings at low subsonic velocities. The focus is on the reduction of the separation region by stationary and nonstationary controlled flow perturbations. Wind-tunnel data obtained for test models of different aspect ratios prove that the entire separated flow can be modified by forcing its narrow parts much smaller in size than the transverse extent of the separation region. Such an approach to flow control at laminar separation comes from non-local interaction of the large-scale flow structure with spatially concentrated disturbances.     

Lidskii-Type Formulae for Dixmier Traces

We establish several analogues of the classical Lidskii Theorem for some special classes of singular traces (Dixmier traces and Connes–Dixmier traces) used in noncommutative geometry.     

Structure of triglycine sulfate embedded in porous aluminum oxide

The X-ray diffraction investigations have been performed for nanocomposite materials based on porous aluminum oxide with inclusions of TGS and TGS, which is doped with L,α-alanine (ATGS). The presence of the TGS and ATGS textures in pores of Al₂O₃ films has been found. It has been established that, under conditions of confined geometry, the broadening of diffraction maxima of the reflection is caused by the size effect. The temperature dependences of the order parameter for porous aluminum oxide with TGS inclusions have been constructed.     

The genus Caesalpinia L. (Caesalpiniaceae): phytochemical and pharmacological characteristics

The genus Caesalpinia (Caesalpiniaceae) has more than 500 species, many of which have not yet been investigated for potential pharmacological activity. Several classes of chemical compounds, such as flavonoids, diterpenes, and steroids, have been isolated from various species of the genus Caesalpinia. It has been reported in the literature that these species exhibit a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antiulcer, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antirheumatic activities that have proven to be efficacious in ethnomedicinal practices. In this review we present chemical and pharmacological data from recent phytochemical studies on various plants of the genus Caesalpinia.     

Use of polyethylene glycol in the process of sol–gel encapsulation of Burkholderia cepacia lipase

Lipases from Burkholderia cepacia were encapsulated using polyethylene glycol (PEG, M _w 1500) at various concentrations (0.5–3.0 %, w/v) as an additive during the sol–gel immobilisation process. Matrixes immobilized in the presence and absences of additives were characterized by thermal analysis [thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)], scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzymatic activity, and total activity recovery yield (Ya). The addition of PEG increased the activity values, with Ya just above 1.0 % (w/v) in the presence of PEG. The additional of 1.0 % (w/v) PEG increased enzyme activity from 33.98 to 89.91 U g^?1 and the values of recovery yield were 43.0–91.4 %, compared to values of the samples without PEG. PEG enhanced the thermal stability of the matrix structure in the temperature range 50–200 °C, as confirmed by TG and DSC analyses. This was influenced by the presence of water bound to the matrix. The SEM micrographs clearly showed an increase in the number of deposits on the material surface, producing matrices with greater porosity.     

A Comparative Study of the Photosensitizer Penetration into Artificial Caries Lesions in Dentin Measured by the Confocal Raman Microscopy

This study utilized the confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) technique for the first time to investigate the degree of the penetration of toluidine blue‐orto (TBO) in artificial caries lesions produced by two distinct caries‐inducing models. The dentin specimens (n = 10) were divided into three groups: control, in vitro and in situ. Thereafter, the lesion depth and the demineralization level were evaluated by cross‐sectional microhardness (CSMH). CRM mapping across the dentin surface was assessed after the dye application. The CSMH and CRM data were analyzed by t‐test and ANOVA, respectively (P < 0.05). The values of the lesion depth and the demineralization areas were higher for in situ samples (P < 0.05). The TBO penetration values (μm) for the control, in vitro and in situ groups were 44.8 ± 5.6, 46.1 ± 4.5 and 51.2 ± 8.5, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences among the groups (P > 0.05). The rate of TBO penetration was detected up to about <50 μm and the demineralization level did not influence the results. These results have showed promising parameters to develop new protocols for deep caries lesions management using photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy.