二氧化硅脱除羟基的动力学研究

醇盐水解法制备的纳米二氧化硅粉体中含有大量羟基,结合差热分析,采用Doyle-Ozawa法和Kissinger法研究二氧化硅粉体脱除羟基的动力学,得到反应表观活化能为134.78kJ.mol-1;并采用Coats-Redfern法进行验证,结果为140.22 kJ.mol-1.采用SEM和XRD对样品进行检测,表明非晶态二氧化硅样品颗粒大小没有变化,晶态没有改变.     

直接反应法合成异丙醇钇中AlCl3的催化作用

在用直接反应法合成稀土金属醇盐的反应中,传统上一直以I2或Hg2 系列盐(如HgCl2,Hg(C2H3O2)2和HgI2等)或其混合物做催化剂.对某些金属合成反应会存在反应速率低、产率低的问题.通过以无水AlCl3做催化剂、金属钇薄片和异丙醇为原料,加热回流直接反应,成功地合成了异丙醇钇.反应中放出大量H2和红外吸收光谱分析结果证明产物确为异丙醇钇.实验证明以无水AlCl3做催化剂可以大大提高反应速率和产率.实验和理论分析揭示了无水AlCl3的催化机理:无水AlCl3与异丙醇作用生成了HCl和可表示为AlCl2(OPri).2AlCl3.PriOH的中间产物,使整个体系的酸性提高,从而加速了反应的进行.AlCl3催化机理完全不同于I2和Hg2 系列盐类,这里H 为氧化剂,起重要作用.使用无水AlCl3替代传统催化剂可以解决I2做催化剂对某些反应的效率低下问题,或Hg2 系列盐类的毒性问题.     

Realignment of Nanocrystal Aggregates into Single Crystals as a Result of Inherent Surface Stress

Crystallization by particle attachment is widely observed in both natural and synthetic environments. Although this form of nonclassical crystallization is generally described by oriented attachment, random aggregation of building blocks to give single‐crystal products is also observed, but the mechanism of crystallographic realignment is unknown. We herein reveal that random attachment during aggregation‐based growth initially produces a nonoriented growth front. Subsequent evolution of the orientation is driven by the inherent surface stress applied by the disordered surface layer and results in single‐crystal formation by grain‐boundary migration. This mechanism is corroborated by measurements of orientation rate versus external stress, which demonstrated a predictive relationship between the two. These findings advance our understandings about aggregation‐based growth via nanocrystal blocks and suggest an approach to material synthesis that takes advantage of stress‐induced coalignment.     

Supramolecular imprinted electrochemical sensor for the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid based on double amplification by Pt-In catalytic nanoparticles and a Bromophenol blue doped molecularly imprinted film

The authors describe an electrochemical sensor for the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid (IMI) based on Pt-In catalytic nanocomposite film and Bromophenol blue amplification. The Pt-In nanocomposite film was deposited on the surface of a modified glassy carbon electrode. The composite molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by electro-polymerization using bromophenol blue doped o-aminophenol as functional monomer and 4-tert-butylcalix[6]arene-IMI supramolecular inclusion complex as template molecule. The experimental results showed that the current intensity of IMI was clearly amplified in the potential range from ?0.3 to ?1.8 V, because of the double amplification, based on the Pt-In film and Bromophenol blue catalysis. Moreover, the double recognition ability of the sensor, which relied on the MIP and the vacuum structure of 4-tert-butylcalix[6]arene, effectively increased the specific recognition performance. The feasibility of its practical applications has been demonstrated by the analysis of vegetable samples.

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Graphical abstract A supramolecular imprinted electrochemical sensor for imidacloprid determination was prepared based on Pt-In nanocomposite film and bromophenol blue amplification. Because of the advantages of the specific recognition sites in MIPs and supramolecular chemistry, the sensor showed good selectivity for imidacloprid.

     

“讲一练二考三”理念在有机化学实验教学中的运用——以苯甲酸的制备为例

采用微波辐射及相转移催化剂改进了高锰酸钾氧化制备苯甲酸实验,系统研究了微波功率、反应温度、反应时间、反应物物质的量比、催化剂用量等因素对产率的影响,并同电热套加热方式进行了比较.结果表明,该反应的最佳条件为:微波辐射时间40 min,微波功率80 W,反应温度80℃,相转移催化剂氯化苄基三乙铵用量为甲苯的0.2当量,高锰酸钾与甲苯的物质的量比为4.5:1.与电热套加热方式相比,微波辐射法缩短了反应时间,并显著提高了反应效率.以苯甲酸制备实验为例介绍了“讲一练二考三”教学新理念及其在有机化学实验教学实践中的运用.     

Synergetic recognition and separation of kelthane and pyridaben base on magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanospheres

We present novel magnetic composite nanospheres for the preparation of a nanoiron oxide/carbon dots/β‐cyclodextrin/molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective solid‐phase extraction kelthane and pyridaben from vegetables. The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized on the surface of nano‐iron oxide/carbon dots via a chemical polymerization procedure, where kelthane‐β‐cyclodextrin and pyridaben‐β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were used as template molecules, and their adsorption behavior was investigated in detail. Characterization analysis and binding experiments revealed that magnetic composite nanospheres had outstanding magnetic properties, a large adsorption capacity, and high competitive selectivity for kelthane and pyridaben. The magnetic composite nanospheres were employed as an adsorbent in solid‐phase extraction for the determination of kelthane and pyridaben in vegetable samples. The recoveries of kelthane and pyridaben were 92.8–105.2 and 94.4–104.6%, respectively.     

KHCO3‐ and DBU‐Promoted Cascade Reaction to Synthesize 3‐Benzyl‐2‐phenylquinolin‐4(1 H)‐ones

A novel and convenient one‐pot route for the synthesis of 3‐benzyl‐2‐phenylquinolin‐4(1 H)‐ones has been developed under transition‐metal‐free conditions. This new strategy features high yield and good functional group tolerance. In addition, a proposed mechanism has been confirmed for this reaction.     

Simultaneous determination of nitroimidazole residues in honey samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection

A rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (LC) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of metronidazole (MNZ), dimetridazole (DMZ), ronidazole (RNZ), tinidazole (TNZ), and 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMNI) in honey. After extraction with ethyl acetate and evaporation, the residue containing the nitroimidazoles was dissolved in ethyl acetate-hexane and subjected to solid-phase extraction cleanup by amine extraction columns. The effluent was evaporated to dryness, and residues were dissolved and determined by LC with an ultraviolet detector set at 315 nm. The limits of detection were 1.0-2.0 ng/g for MNZ, DMZ, RNZ, TNZ, and HMMNI in honey. Average recoveries ranged from 71.5-101.4% in honey fortified at 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/g. The method was validated for the analysis of real honey samples.     

二邻巯基苯酚-苯甲酰肼合钼(Ⅳ)酸双三乙基亚铵三元固态配合物的合成及谱学特性

以(Bu₄N)₄Mo₈O₂₆为原料,以邻巯基苯酚和苯甲酰肼为配体,在甲醇中合成了未见报道的单核三元配合物二邻巯基苯酚-苯甲酰肼合钼(Ⅳ)酸双三乙基亚铵.通过元素分析、红外光谱、¹H NMR谱、电子光谱、差热-热重分析对化合物的性质进行了表征,发现它是无端基氧钼配合物,并提出了其可能结构.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。