全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2009篇 |
免费 | 84篇 |
国内免费 | 18篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1354篇 |
晶体学 | 4篇 |
力学 | 69篇 |
数学 | 428篇 |
物理学 | 256篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 12篇 |
2021年 | 15篇 |
2020年 | 19篇 |
2019年 | 34篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 20篇 |
2016年 | 46篇 |
2015年 | 55篇 |
2014年 | 44篇 |
2013年 | 137篇 |
2012年 | 120篇 |
2011年 | 116篇 |
2010年 | 89篇 |
2009年 | 70篇 |
2008年 | 118篇 |
2007年 | 119篇 |
2006年 | 105篇 |
2005年 | 98篇 |
2004年 | 113篇 |
2003年 | 92篇 |
2002年 | 93篇 |
2001年 | 37篇 |
2000年 | 33篇 |
1999年 | 23篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 21篇 |
1996年 | 42篇 |
1995年 | 21篇 |
1994年 | 24篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 23篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 8篇 |
1986年 | 11篇 |
1985年 | 19篇 |
1984年 | 19篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 19篇 |
1981年 | 20篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 17篇 |
1976年 | 9篇 |
1975年 | 12篇 |
1974年 | 16篇 |
1973年 | 17篇 |
排序方式: 共有2111条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
111.
Christoph Peschel Stefan van Wickeren Yves Preibisch Verena Naber Denis Werner Lars Frankenstein Dr. Fabian Horsthemke Prof. Dr. Urs Peuker Prof. Dr. Martin Winter Dr. Sascha Nowak 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(22):e202200485
Herein we report on an analytical study of dry-shredded lithium-ion battery (LIB) materials with unknown composition. Samples from an industrial recycling process were analyzed concerning the elemental composition and (organic) compound speciation. Deep understanding of the base material for LIB recycling was obtained by identification and analysis of transition metal stoichiometry, current collector metals, base electrolyte and electrolyte additive residues, aging marker molecules and polymer binder fingerprints. For reversed engineering purposes, the main electrode and electrolyte chemistries were traced back to pristine materials. Furthermore, possible lifetime application and accompanied aging was evaluated based on target analysis on characteristic molecules described in literature. With this, the reported analytics provided precious information for value estimation of the undefined spent batteries and enabled tailored recycling process deliberations. The comprehensive feedstock characterization shown in this work paves the way for targeted process control in LIB recycling processes. 相似文献
112.
To clarify the role played by water in facilitating long-range DNA charge transport, carefully designed, state-of-the-art, self-interaction corrected density-functional quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (SIC-QM/MM) simulations are performed for the first time on two ionized adenine:thymine bridge models in explicit water solvent at finite temperature. For random solvent configurations, the charge is partially delocalized. However, a charge localization on different, well-separated adenines can be induced and is correlated with a restructuring of their first solvation shells. Thus, the importance of water in the mechanism of long-range charge transport is explicitly demonstrated, and the microscopic conditions for a charge localization are revealed. 相似文献
113.
Uncatalyzed Hydroamination of Electrophilic Organometallic Alkynes: Fundamental,Theoretical, and Applied Aspects
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Dr. Yanlan Wang Camille Latouche Dr. Amalia Rapakousiou Colin Lopez Prof Isabelle Ledoux‐Rak Dr. Jaime Ruiz Prof. Jean‐Yves Saillard Prof. Didier Astruc 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,20(26):8076-8088
Simple reactions of the most used functional groups allowing two molecular fragments to link under mild, sustainable conditions are among the crucial tools of molecular chemistry with multiple applications in materials science, nanomedicine, and organic synthesis as already exemplified by peptide synthesis and “click” chemistry. We are concerned with redox organometallic compounds that can potentially be used as biosensors and redox catalysts and report an uncatalyzed reaction between primary and secondary amines with organometallic electrophilic alkynes that is free of side products and fully “green”. A strategy is first proposed to synthesize alkynyl organometallic precursors upon addition of electrophilic aromatic ligands of cationic complexes followed by endo hydride abstraction. Electrophilic alkynylated cyclopentadienyl or arene ligands of Fe, Ru, and Co complexes subsequently react with amines to yield trans‐enamines that are conjugated with the organometallic group. The difference in reactivities of the various complexes is rationalized from the two‐step reaction mechanism that was elucidated through DFT calculations. Applications are illustrated by the facile reaction of ethynylcobalticenium hexafluorophosphate with aminated silica nanoparticles. Spectroscopic, nonlinear‐optical and electrochemical data, as well as DFT and TDDFT calculations, indicate a strong push–pull conjugation in these cobalticenium– and Fe– and Ru–arene–enamine complexes due to planarity or near‐planarity between the organometallic and trans‐enamine groups involving fulvalene iminium and cyclohexadienylidene iminium mesomeric forms. 相似文献
114.
Colette Lebrun Dr. Matthieu Starck Vicky Gathu Yves Chenavier Dr. Pascale Delangle 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2014,20(50):16566-16573
Peptides are interesting tools to rationalize uranyl–protein interactions, which are relevant to uranium toxicity in vivo. Structured cyclic peptide scaffolds were chosen as promising candidates to coordinate uranyl thanks to four amino acid side chains pre‐oriented towards the dioxo cation equatorial plane. The binding of uranyl by a series of decapeptides has been investigated with complementary analytical and spectroscopic methods to determine the key parameters for the formation of stable uranyl–peptide complexes. The molar ellipticity of the uranyl complex at 195 nm is directly correlated to its stability, which demonstrates that the β‐sheet structure is optimal for high stability in the peptide series. Cyclodecapeptides with four glutamate residues exhibit the highest affinities for uranyl with log KC=8.0–8.4 and, therefore, appear as good starting points for the design of high‐affinity uranyl‐chelating peptides. 相似文献
115.
Bixue Xu Luca Unione Dr. Joao Sardinha Shaoping Wu Prof. Mélanie Ethève‐Quelquejeu Prof. Amelia Pilar Rauter Prof. Yves Blériot Dr. Yongmin Zhang Dr. Sonsoles Martín‐Santamaría Dr. Dolores Díaz Prof. Jesus Jiménez‐Barbero Prof. Matthieu Sollogoub 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(36):9597-9602
Molecular mimicry is an essential part of the development of drugs and molecular probes. In the chemical glycobiology field, although many glycomimetics have been developed in the past years, it has been considered that many failures in their use are related to the lack of the anomeric effects in these analogues. Additionally, the origin of the anomeric effects is still the subject of virulent scientific debates. Herein, by combining chemical synthesis, NMR methods, and theoretical calculations, we show that it is possible to restore the anomeric effect for an acetal when replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a CF2 group. This result provides key findings in chemical sciences. On the one hand, it strongly suggests the key relevance of the stereoelectronic component of the anomeric effect. On the other hand, the CF2 analogue adopts the natural glycoside conformation, which might provide new avenues for sugar‐based drug design. 相似文献
116.
117.
118.
Burel-Deschamps L Giamarchi P Stephan L Lijour Y Le Bihan A 《Journal of fluorescence》2006,16(2):177-183
The absorption and fluorescence spectra of carbaryl (CB), carbofuran (CF) and carbendazim (MBC) have been studied. Fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence quantum yields are also reported as well as the influence of pH, solvent and presence of humic acids on fluorescence. The limit of detection (LD) of the three compounds has been measured by direct analysis by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) using a pulsed YAG laser with an Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) as excitation source and an Intensified Charged Coupled Device (ICCD) camera for the fluorescence detection. Instrumental LD found for CB, for MBC and for CF are respectively 4, 50 and 1000 ng L−1. In tap water, the LD obtained is 800 ng L−1 for MBC and 20,000 ng L−1 for CF. For CB, the use of a time shift between excitation and emission allows to reach a LD of 20 ng L−1 in tap water. 相似文献
119.
An approach to control the spurious currents in a multiphase lattice Boltzmann method and to improve the implementation of initial condition
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《国际流体数值方法杂志》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Sébastien Leclaire Nicolas Pellerin Marcelo Reggio Jean‐Yves Trépanier 《国际流体数值方法杂志》2015,77(12):732-746
Multiphase lattice Boltzmann methods are known to generate spurious or parasitic currents at the fluid–fluid interfaces. This nonphysical phenomenon has to be avoided, or at least controlled, in order to achieve reliable solutions. In this article, a method to control these fictitious velocities via lattice refinement is proposed, which is based on interface thickness control for which both the spurious currents and the physical fluid–fluid interface thickness vanishes as the spatial resolution increases. It has been found that a proper interface thickness adjustment is required as the lattice refinement is applied, or an increase in spurious currents, instead of a reduction, can occur. By combining the new method with an appropriate multiphase flow initialization, the overall stability for high density O(1000) and viscosity O(100) ratios is greatly improved. Although this research has been conducted with a Rothman and Keller type lattice Boltzmann model, it is believed that other types of multiphase lattice Boltzmann models could benefit from the basic ideas underlying this research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献