Synthesis and electrochemical performance of sulfur–carbon composite cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries

In this paper, porous carbon was synthesized by an activation method, with phenolic resin as carbon source and nanometer calcium carbonate as activating agent. Sulfur–porous carbon composite material was prepared by thermally treating a mixture of sublimed sulfur and porous carbon. Morphology and electrochemical performance of the carbon and sulfur–carbon composite cathode were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), and galvanostatic charge–discharge test. The composite containing 39 wt.% sulfur obtained an initial discharge capacity of about 1,130 mA?h g^?1 under the current density of 80 mA?g^?1 and presented a long electrochemical stability up to 100 cycles.     

Improved molten salt synthesis and structure evolution upon cycling of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiCoO2 in lithium-ion batteries

The Li-rich cathode material Li_1.2Co_0.4Mn_0.4O₂(=0.5Li₂MnO₃·0.5LiCoO₂) was prepared by an improved molten salt method. The effects of sintering temperature and time on the physical and electrochemical properties of Li_1.2Co_0.4Mn_0.4O₂ were investigated. With increasing sintering temperature, excellent crystallinity and a stable structure are obtained, which lead to excellent electrochemical properties. However, the sample sintered at 900 °C has poor performance because its large powder diameter prolongs the transportation length of Li⁺ ions. Higher specific surface areas are obtained when samples are sintered at 850 °C for a shorter time, which leads to more activity and excellent charge/discharge capacity. The evolution of a derivative peak at about 3.0 V in the differential capacity (dQ/dV) curves is observed along with the formation of a spinel-like phase, which is verified by analysis using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. Therefore, it is a simple and quick method to characterize the structure evolution upon cycling of Li-rich cathode materials by means of analysis of the derivative peak.     

Solvent effects on oxygen atom transfer reaction between manganese(V)-oxo corrole and alkene

Pseudo-first order reaction rate constants of 5,10,15-tris（pentafluorophenyl）corrole Mn（V）-oxo (F₁₅CMn（V）-oxo),5,15-bis（pentafluorophenyl）-10-（phenyl）corrole Mn（V）-oxo(F₁₀CMn（V）-oxo),5,15- bis（phenyl）-10-（pentafluorophenyl）corrole Mn（V）-oxo（F₅CMn（V）-oxo） and 5,10,15-tris（phenyl）corrole Mn（V）-oxo（F₀CMn（V）-oxo） with a series of alkene substrates in different solvents were determined by UV-vis spectroscopy.The results indicated that the oxygen atom transfer pathway between Mn（V）-oxo corrole and alkene is solvent-dependent.     

氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的制备及其生长机理

本文采用电弧放电法,通过阳极棒与不锈钢片的共蒸发,制备了氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管。借助扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、场发射高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）及其附带能量色散X射线（EDX）光谱仪和电子能量损失谱（EELS）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）等表征方法,对产物的形貌、结构和组成进行表征。表征结果表明,氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的长度在640~835nm之间,其内径在23~35nm之间,外径在28~47nm之间;且在每一节“竹节”与另一节“竹节”的连接处形成的内腔中均有一个黑色纳米颗粒,其直径尺寸以及产物中的氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的含量均与熔化、蒸发的不锈钢片的面积有关。本文还对氮掺杂长竹节状碳纳米管的生长机理进行了简单的探讨。     

还原氧化石墨烯/碳纳米管/Co_3O_4三元复合材料的制备与电化学性能

将低温水热反应和低温热处理相结合,制备了含还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)、碳纳米管(CNTs)和Co3O4的三元纳米复合材料RGO-CNTs-Co3O4;利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析了合成产物的相组成和微观结构,分析了其形成过程;并利用电化学测试装置测定了其作为锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.结果表明,在合成反应过程中,氧化石墨烯被还原剂肼还原为石墨烯,同时在石墨烯和CNTs表面生成氢氧化钴;再经低温热处理得到RGO-CNTs-Co3O4三元复合材料.Co3O4纳米颗粒均匀分散在由RGO片层和CNTs组成的三维网络结构中;这种三维网络结构既有利于电子和离子的传输,又能够有效抑制Co3O4在脱嵌锂过程中因体积变化引起的结构破坏.总体而言,合成的新型三元复合材料具有高的比容量以及良好的循环性能与倍率性能.     

Determination of Lead(II) Using Screen‐Printed Bismuth‐Antimony Film Electrode

This work presents a disposable bismuth‐antimony film electrode fabricated on screen‐printed electrode (SPE) substrates for lead(II) determination. This bismuth‐antimony film screen‐printed electrode (Bi‐SbSPE) is simply prepared by simultaneously in situ depositing bismuth(III) and antimony(III) with analytes on the homemade SPE. The Bi‐SbSPE can provide an enhanced electrochemical stripping signal for lead(II) compared to bismuth film screen‐printed electrodes (BiSPE), antimony film screen‐printed electrodes (SbSPE) and bismuth‐antimony film glassy carbon electrodes (Bi‐SbGC). Under optimized conditions, the Bi‐SbSPE exhibits attractive linear responses towards lead(II) with a detection limit of 0.07 µg/L. The Bi‐SbSPE has been demonstrated successfully to detect lead in river water sample.     

Development of a Sensitive Method for the Determination of 4‐(Methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol in Human Urine Using Solid‐phase Extraction Combined with Ultrasound‐assisted Dispersive Liquid–liquid Microextraction and LC‐MS/MS Detection

An efficient and sensitive analytical method based on molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction (MISPE) and reverse‐phase ultrasound‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (USA‐DLLME) coupled with LC–MS/MS detection was developed and validated for the analysis of urinary 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL), a tobacco‐specific nitrosamine metabolite. The extraction performances of NNAL on three different solid‐phase extraction (SPE) sorbents including the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balanced sorbent HLB, the mixed mode cationic MCX sorbent and the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) sorbent were evaluated. Experimental results showed that the analyte was well retained with the highest extraction recovery and the optimum purification effect on MIP. Under the optimized conditions of MIP and USA‐DLLME, an enrichment factor of 23 was obtained. Good linearity relationship was obtained in the range of 5‐1200 pg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9953. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.35 pg/mL. The recoveries at three spiked levels ranged between 88.5% and 93.7%. Intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations varied from 3.6% to 7.4% and from 5.4% to 9.7%, respectively. The developed method combing the advantages of MISPE and DLLME significantly improves the purification and enrichment of the analyte and can be used as an effective approach for the determination of ultra‐trace NNAL in complex biological matrices.     

Radical Addition Reactions of α-Substituted β,β-Difluorovinyl Sulfones

The radical addition reactions of α-substituted β,β-difluorovinyl sulfones 1 with α-oxy and acyl radical species, such as 1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, butanal and hexanal, afforded radical addition products 2--16 in good yields.     

Convenient and Efficient Synthesis of 1,1‐Bis‐(4‐alkylthiophenyl)‐1‐alkenes via Tandem Friedel–Crafts Acylation and Alkylation of Sulfides and Acyl Chlorides

1,1‐Bis(4‐alkylthiophenyl)‐1‐alkenes were conveniently and efficiently prepared from alkyl phenyl sulfides and acyl chlorides via a tandem Friedel–Crafts acylation and alkylation in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride. The scope, limitation, and mechanism of the tandem reaction were also discussed.     

Facile Synthesis of 5‐Benzylidene Rhodamine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation

A series of 5‐benzylidenerhodamine derivatives were synthesized by the cross‐aldol condensation of an aromatic aldehyde with rhodamine or rhodamine acetic acid in sodium acetate/acetic acid under microwave irradiation. The reaction was completed in 8–20 min with 63–94% yields and was environmentally benign with easy workup.