146号初等元胞自动机的演化语言的复杂性

Symbolic dynamics of cellular automata is introduced by coarse-graining the temporal evolution orbits. Evolution languages are defined. By using the theory of formal languages and automata, the complexity of evolution languages of the elementary cellular automaton of rule 146 is studied and it is proved that its width 1-evolution language is regular, but for every n ≥ 2 its width n-evolution language is not context-free but context-sensitive. Also, the same results hold for the equivalent （under conjugation） elementary cellular automaton of rule 182.     

Determination of ammonium in river water and sewage samples by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection

We developed capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with direct UV detection for determination of ammonium in environmental water samples. Ammonium in the samples was partly converted into ammonia in the alkaline background electrolyte (BGE) during migration and was detected by molecular absorption of ammonia at 190 nm in approximately 7 min. The limit of detection (LOD) for ammonium was 0.24 mg/l (as nitrogen) at a signal-to-noise ratio of three. The respective values of the relative standard deviation (RSD) of peak area, peak height, and migration time for ammonium were 2.1, 1.8, and 0.46%. Major alkali and alkaline earth metal ions coexisting in the samples did not interfere with ammonium determination by the proposed method. The proposed method determined ammonium in surface water and sewage samples. The results were compared to those obtained using ion chromatography (IC).     

Determination of various inorganic anions and organic acids in the atmospheric particulate matter using capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection

Capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection was developed for the simultaneous analysis of inorganic anions and organic acids using a mixed solution of 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide as the background electrolyte (BGE). The parameters which influence the separation, such as indirect UV detection wavelength, BGE conditions, applied voltage and extraction conditions were investigated. Thirteen inorganic anions and organic acids were detected within 20 min. The calibration curves of each analyte were linear with correlation coefficients greater than 0.991. The relative standard deviations (n = 10) of the peak areas ranged from 0.6% to 3.3%. The detection limits for these species ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 mg/L at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The recovery rate of each analyte was more than 80% under optimised extraction conditions, except for nitrite. The proposed method was applied towards the analysis of inorganic anions and organic acids in the atmospheric particulate matter using an Andersen sampler. The particle size of the particulate matter was determined, but not the size of the anions.     

Optical testing of star sensor (II): Alignment of star sensor from off-line pictures taken in orbital test

Alignment error of an image sensor relative to the optical axis of a star sensor head and alignment errors between four heads were calculated from pictures taken in an orbital experiment. When comparing the image sensor alignment parameters in the orbital test and a ground test, both values matched well. By determining the relative relationship of the four heads using four pictures taken at the same moment in orbit and uploading the parameters to the star sensor system in orbit, the estimated attitude error was improved from 0.29 to 0.17°, though the accuracy was limited by the ±0.2° determination accuracy of the satellite itself. We estimated the attitude determination accuracy from separation angles between boresights of the four heads, calculated from pattern matching between downloaded pictures and a star catalogue. The estimated accuracy, in terms of potential optical performance, was 0.60 arcmin at 3σ, which is sufficient to satisfy the specification of 1 arcmin.     

Analysis of flexural wave velocity and vibration mode in thin cylindrical shell

The relationship between the flexural wave velocity and the excited vibration mode of a thin cylindrical shell is investigated. The natural frequency corresponding to the vibration mode is obtained as the solution of characteristic equation of thin cylindrical shell. However, all of these vibration modes are not excited actually. To estimate the excited vibration mode, the concept of "modified bending stiffness" is introduced, and the influence of each stress component upon the modified bending stiffness is analyzed. The excited mode is theoretically discriminated from the nonexcited mode based on the smallness of this modified bending stiffness. The validity of our theory is confirmed by an excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental results on flexural wave velocity.     

Synthesis of axinohydantoins

A short synthesis of the hydantoin-containing marine sponge metabolites axinohydantoins is described. A key feature of the synthesis is a putative biomimetic, intramolecular cyclization of alpha-functionalized imidazolone 5, which affords the tricyclic pyrroloazepinone framework comprising 6. In addition, the conversion of imidazolones to alpha,beta-unsaturated hydantoins is outlined and represents a new approach to these heterocyclic systems.     

Achievement of a 920-MHz high resolution NMR

We have developed a 920-MHz NMR system and performed the proton NMR measurement of H(2)O and ethylbenzene using the superconducting magnet operating at 21.6 T (920 MHz for proton), which is the highest field produced by a superconducting NMR magnet in the persistent mode. From the NMR measurements, it is verified that both homogeneity and stability of the magnet have a specification sufficient for a high resolution NMR.     

(15N) acetamide in polar solvents: Hindered internal rotation and intermolecular interactions

The ¹H spectrum of (¹⁵N)acetamide has been measured in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), methyl propyl ketone (MPK), 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, D₂O, acetonitrile and pyridine-d₅ at various temperature intervals within the range of 278–343 K. From the temperature dependence of the NMR spectra of the amide protons, the free energy of activation, ΔG^≠, for hindered rotation about the central C? N bond was determined by means of total line shape analysis in the four solvents DMSO, MPK and the two dioxanes. Observed values of ΔG^≠ (298 K) (72.7 in DMSO, 70.1 in MPK, 70.0 in 1,3-dioxane and 70.1 kJ mol¹ in 1,4-dioxane) were not very sensitive to the choice of solvent or concentration. The concentration dependence of the internal chemical shift between the amide protons was studied in MPK, D₂O, acetonitrile and pyridine-d₅. The free energy of activation and the internal chemical shift are discussed on the basis of solvent-amide and amide–amide specific hydrogen bonding interactions, and in comparison to the results of molecular orbital calculations.     

Heat capacity of a five-coordinated iron(III) complex with spin S = 32, bromobis(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamato)iron(III), between 0.4 and 300 K

Heat capacity measurements have been made for six kinds of specimens prepared by different methods. Among them, Sample A exhibited a A-type ferromagnetic pahse transition at 1.347 K and a Schottky-type anomaly due to the zero-field splitting around 9K. The total entropy and enthalpy were (11.05 ± 0.04) J K^?1mol^?1 and (97.0 ± 0.4) J mol^?1, respectively. Sample B exhibited a Sehottky-type anomaly around 0.4 K due to the ferro-magnetic dimeric coupling with $\text{J}{}_{\mathrm{D}}\text{k}\text{= + 0.30}\text{K}$ as well as the Schottky-type anomaly at 9K. The total magnetic entropy and enthalpy were (11.45 ± 0.03) JK^?1 mol^?1 and (93.8 ± 0.8) J mol^?1, respectively. The remaining samples are simple mixtures of the λ-type modification and the dimeric modification. Irrespective of the magnetic behavior at low temperatures, all the samples showed a non-magnetic first-order phase transition around 270 K. The heat capacity and entropy of this phase transition have been accounted for in terms of the Frenkel theory of heterophase fluctuation. Construction of an adiabatic-type calorimeter workable between 1.5 and 393 K has been also presented.