A quantitative model of preferential evaporation and retention for atom probe tomography

It is well known that the apparent concentration of a solute element in metal, detected by atom probe tomography analysis, depends on the measurement condition such as specimen temperature, pulse fraction, and pulse frequency. The dependence was qualitatively interpreted to be caused by preferential evaporation and retention in field evaporation. A quantitative physical model accounting for the preferential evaporation and retention was proposed herein for the first time. The proposed model was applied to a ferritic iron–copper (Fe–Cu) alloy for preferential evaporation and a ferritic iron–silicon (Fe–Si) alloy for preferential retention. The model explained the temperature dependence on the apparent concentration of the solute element and the unwindowed background noise in each alloy well, whereas the dependence of pulse fraction and pulse frequency was not completely explained. The cause of the difference between the experimental and calculated results based on the model was discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Abnormal Li diffusion in β-LiGa by the formation of defect complex

The diffusion coefficients of Li in the NaTl-type Li intermetallic compound of β-LiGa have been measured by using a short-lived radioactive diffusion tracer. As the tracer, the α-emitting radioisotope of ⁸Li delivered as the energetic and pulsed beam from Tokai Radioactive Ion Accelerator Complex (TRIAC) was implanted into the β-LiGa compounds with the composition in the range of about 43 to 54 at.% Li. By analyzing the time-dependent yields of the α-particles measured according to the repetition cycle of the beam, the tracer diffusion coefficients were extracted over the wide range of Li composition. Abnormal composition-dependence of Li diffusion coefficients in β-LiGa was observed; the stoichiometric β-LiGa showed the highest diffusivity of Li. By referring to the composition-dependent diffusivity of Li in the iso-structural β-LiAl and β-LiIn, we could identify the abnormal diffusion of Li in very Li-poor composition of β-LiGa. The anomaly has been discussed qualitatively in terms of the formation of defect complex and the interaction between the constitutional defects.     

Transportation of a microdroplet on an oriented liquid crystal surface

Wetting phenomena play important roles in several technological applications and in many physical and biological thin‐film phenomena, such as wetting, adhesion and friction. One of key issues of these studies is to control the surface energy (or wettability) dynamically for liquid transportation. We have developed a liquid crystal (LC) surface for use as a transport substrate since we expected that the surface energy of an LC surface can be controlled rapidly using an electric field. The rapid control of the polarisability (or wettability) of a liquid crystalline surface by an electric field has been demonstrated, together with the transportation of a liquid microdroplet.     

Enhancement in the rate of conversion of peptide Cys-Pro esters to peptide thioesters by structural modification

We previously reported that the peptide containing a Cys-Pro ester (CPE) moiety is spontaneously transformed into a peptide thioester via an N to S acyl shift followed by diketopiperazine formation. In an attempt to identify more reactive structures for the formation of a peptide thioester, we modified the CPE structure, in which the Pro residue in the CPE moiety was replaced with N-substituted glycine derivatives. These peptides were transformed into a peptide thioester more rapidly. Alternatively, the addition of an amino acid residue at the C-terminus of the CPE moiety also accelerated thioester formation.     

Time-series observations of 210Po and 210Pb radioactivity in the western North Pacific

We carried out time-series observations of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb radioactivity in the western North Pacific Ocean. The sinking fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the mesopelagic zone were estimated from ²¹⁰Po radioactivity during several seasons in the subarctic and subtropical regions of the western North Pacific. The seasonal changes of POC fluxes at a depth of 400 m were larger in the subarctic region than in the subtropical region. The annual mean POC flux at a depth of 400 m was larger in the subarctic region (57 mgC m^?2 day^?1) than in the subtropical region (36 mgC m^?2 day^?1). The annual mean of the e-ratio (the ratio of POC flux to primary productivity) in the subarctic region (18 %) was about twice the e-ratio in the subtropical region (10 %). These results imply that the efficiency of the biological pump is larger in the subarctic region than in the subtropical region of the western North Pacific.     

Sputtering angle effects by Kr mixing in N+ ion beam on the lifetime of nitrided carbon stripper foils

Nitrided carbon stripper (NCS) foils with high nitrogen content were produced by ion beam sputtering of reactive nitrogen gas. Such foils seem to be very useful as strippers in high-intensity heavy ion accelerators. We have conducted comprehensive research, development, and production of such foils with high reproducibility. Krypton, a heavy noble gas, was mixed with the reaction nitrogen gas (IBSRN) in the ion beam sputtering process to produce stripper foils with short sputtering deposition time and long lifetimes in the high intensity ion beam irradiation. With the (N₂ + Kr) mixed gas ions we investigated the influence of different sputtering angles (α) on the lifetime of the NCS-foils in case of poly-graphite material. The lifetime measurement of these foils of 20 ± 5 μg/cm² was performed with a 3.2 MeV Ne⁺ ion beam as usual. The foils made at a sputtering angle of 15° showed a maximum of 11.0 and 7.5  C/cm² average charge density, respectively, which corresponded to about 275 and 187 times the lifetime of the best commercially available foils.     

Expression and Characterization of Recombinant GH11 Xylanase from Thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. SWU10

Xylans are major hemicellulose components of plant cell wall which can be hydrolyzed by xylanolytic enzymes. Three forms of endo-β-1,4-xylanases (XynSW1, XynSW2A, and XynSW2B) produced by thermotolerant Streptomyces sp. SWU10 have been reported. In the present study, we described the expression and characterization of the fourth xylanase enzyme from this bacteria, termed XynSW3. The gene containing 726 bp was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme (rXynSW3) was purified from cell-free extract to homogeneity using Ni-affinity column chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of rXynSW3 was 48 kDa. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that it belonged to a xylanase of glycoside hydrolase family 11. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 5.5–6.5 and 50 °C, respectively. The enzyme was stable up to 40 °C and in wide pH ranges (pH 0.6–10.3). Xylan without arabinosyl side chain is the most preferable substrate for the enzyme. By using birch wood xylan as substrate, rXynSW3 produced several oligosaccharides in the initial stage of hydrolysis, and their levels increased with time, demonstrating that the enzyme is an endo-acting enzyme. The major products were xylobiose, triose, and tetraose. The rXynSW3 can be applied in several industries such as food, textile, and biofuel industries, and waste treatment.     

A method for calibration and validation subset partitioning

This paper proposes a new method to divide a pool of samples into calibration and validation subsets for multivariate modelling. The proposed method is of value for analytical applications involving complex matrices, in which the composition variability of real samples cannot be easily reproduced by optimized experimental designs. A stepwise procedure is employed to select samples according to their differences in both x (instrumental responses) and y (predicted parameter) spaces. The proposed technique is illustrated in a case study involving the prediction of three quality parameters (specific mass and distillation temperatures at which 10 and 90% of the sample has evaporated) of diesel by NIR spectrometry and PLS modelling. For comparison, PLS models are also constructed by full cross-validation, as well as by using the Kennard-Stone and random sampling methods for calibration and validation subset partitioning. The obtained models are compared in terms of prediction performance by employing an independent set of samples not used for calibration or validation. The results of F-tests at 95% confidence level reveal that the proposed technique may be an advantageous alternative to the other three strategies.     

A comparative study of calibration transfer methods for determination of gasoline quality parameters in three different near infrared spectrometers

This work presents a comparative study of calibration transfer among three near infrared spectrometers for determination of naphthenes and RON (Research Octane Number) in gasoline. Seven transfer methods are compared: direct standardization (DS), piecewise direct standardization (PDS), orthogonal signal correction (OSC), reverse standardization (RS), piecewise reverse standardization (PRS), slope and bias correction (SBC) and model updating (MU). Two pre-treatment procedures, namely standard normal variate (SNV) and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), are also investigated. The choice of an appropriate number of transfer samples for each technique, as well as the effect of window size in PDS/PRS and OSC components, are discussed. A broad set of gasoline samples representative of the Northeastern states of Brazil is employed in the investigation. The results show that the use of calibration transfer yields prediction errors comparable to those obtained with complete recalibration of the secondary instrument. Overall, the results point to RS as the best method for the analytical problem under consideration. When storage and/or physical transportation of transfer samples are impractical, MU is more appropriate. The comprehensive investigation carried out in the present work will be of value for practitioners involved in networks of fuel monitoring.