Network connectivity entropy and its application on network connectivity reliability

The network structure entropy has served as one of the index measuring network heterogeneity, but it gives no considerations to the impact of isolated nodes on the network structure. In addition, the all-terminal reliability is zero and is unable to compare it between disconnected networks. Therefore, the concept of network connectivity entropy is suggested to remove the current bottleneck and helps facilitate new index in terms of network connectivity reliability. This study fully proves the rules as follows: when the edges of network are diminishing, the newly-established network connectivity reliability will remain unchanged or become weaker; conversely, when the edges of network are increasing, the network connectivity reliability will remain unchanged or become stronger. Thus, the proposed index of network connectivity reliability is proved reasonable. Furthermore, the impaired metro network of Nanjing city is exemplified to demonstrate the validity and practicability of network connectivity reliability. The result shows that this new approach is in good position to compute network connectivity reliability quickly and effectively, and also to compare it between different networks.     

Polarization entanglement purification using the temporal degree of freedom

Polarization entangled photon pairs are easily perturbed in noisy channels. We propose a polarization entanglement purification method using temporal degree of freedom, followed by the conventional iterative purification. The entanglement fidelity can be improved to any degree, and the steps needed are less than those using conventional iteration method.     

Generalized Hyperbolic Octonion Formulation for the Fields of Massive Dyons and Gravito-Dyons

The close analogy between electromagnetic theory and linear gravity is discussed by the hyperbolic (split) octonion formalism. Using the similarities between the relevant field equations of massive dyons in electromagnetic theory and gravito-dyons in linear gravity, a new mathematical model is proposed to formulate these fields in a compact and simple form. The generalized wave equation including both massive dyon and monopole terms is derived. Similarly, the most generalized form of hyperbolic octonionic Klein–Gordon equation is obtained for the hypothetical particle carrying simultaneously both electromagnetic and gravitational charges (masses).     

Optimization of detection device geometry for NIR spectroscopy using a three-layered model of stone fruit

The influences of detection device geometry and fiber optic parameters on near infrared spectroscopy measurements were assessed using stone fruit models based on Monte Carlo simulation. The stone fruit was modeled as concentric spherical layered tissues including the skin, the flesh and the core. The choices of the detection angle, the diameter of the detection fiber, the numerical aperture, and the height of the probe were discussed. Receiving diffuse reflectance signals at detection angles in the range of 35°–50° and normalizing the detection signals by the collection area and the solid acceptance angle prior to use are suggested. Fiber probes with diameters D = 0.06 cm or 0.1 cm, NA = 0.20 or 0.30, and height h ≤ 0.8 cm are preferred. The probe deflection angle should be limited to within ±5° to guarantee measurement accuracy.     

Grand Canonical Ensemble Interpretation for Charged Particle Quantum Tunneling Radiation

In this paper, we present a grand canonical ensemble interpretation for the massive charged particles tunneling from a charged black hole. The probability distribution function corresponding the emission shell system is derived in details, and the expression is same as the tunneling rate in Parikh-Wilzeck framework. With this result, the statistical significance of the quantum tunneling radiation is discussed.     

Stress state of silver nanoparticles embedded in a silicate glass matrix investigated by HREM and EXAFS spectroscopy

Ag particles of 3.9 and 5.1 nm mean size in silicate glasses were produced by ion exchange and subsequent annealing at 480 and 600 ^°C. These thermal treatments may induce stresses in matrix and particles in addition to the well known effect of surface atoms because of the thermal expansion mismatch of both materials. Structural characterisation of the particles by high-resolution electron microscopy revealed a size-dependent lattice dilatation quite opposite to the so far observed lattice contraction of similar metal/glass composites. This result, confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ag K-edge, is discussed in terms of an Ag-Ag bond length increase near the particle surface. The temperature-dependent EXAFS spectra (10-300 K) indicate an increased thermal expansion coefficient of the particles with an increased mean particle size calculated on the basis of an anharmonic Einstein model. With that the bond length increase can be explained. The results can be interpreted by a combination of both the particle size effects and the influence of the surrounding matrix. Received 30 November 2000