Recent advances in single atom catalysts for the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a promising solution to mitigate carbon emission and at the same time generate valuable carbonaceous chemicals/fuels. Single atom catalysts (SACs) are encouraging to catalyze the electrochemical CO₂RR due to the tunable electronic structure of the central metal atoms, which can regulate the adsorption energy of reactants and reaction intermediates. Moreover, SACs form a bridge between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, providing an ideal platform to explore the reaction mechanism of electrochemical reactions. In this review, we first discuss the strategies for promoting the CO₂RR performance, including suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), generation of C₁ products and formation of C₂₊ products. Then, we summarize the recent developments in regulating the structure of SACs toward the CO₂RR based on the above aspects. Finally, several issues regarding the development of SACs for the CO₂RR are raised and possible solutions are provided.

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) offers a promising solution to mitigate carbon emission and at the same time generate valuable carbonaceous chemicals/fuels.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of integrally oxidized, metal-free phthalocyanine compounds: [H(2)(pc)][IBr(2)] and [H(2)(pc)](2)[IBr(2)]Br.C(10)H(7)Br

The first integrally oxidized metal-free phthalocyanine compounds have been synthesized by chemical oxidation. Phthalocyanine (H(2)(pc), pc = phthalocyaninato) was oxidized with IBr to afford the compounds [H(2)(pc)][IBr(2)] (1) and [H(2)(pc)](2)[IBr(2)]BrAC(10)H(7)Br (2), whose structures were determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods: [H(2)(pc)][IBr(2)], P2(1)/c, a = 8.0272(9) A, b = 21.258(2) A, c = 18.1439(2) A, beta = 113.975(2) degrees, V = 2828.8(5) A(3), T = 153 K, Z = 4; [H(2)(pc)](2)[IBr(2)]Br.C(10)H(7)Br, P, a = 8.4724(6) A, b = 13.5794(10) A, c = 13.8403(10) A, alpha = 90.854(1) degrees, beta = 103.417(1) degrees, gamma = 97.049(1)E degrees, V = 1535.61(19) A(3), T = 153 K, Z = 1. The extended structure of [H(2)(pc)][IBr(2)] comprises slipped columns of pc rings stacked along the a axis in adjacent columns at approximately 70 degrees to one another. IBr(2-) ions occupy the interstitial columns. The extended structure of [H(2)(pc)](2)[IBr(2)]Br.C(10)H(7)Br comprises slant stacks of pc rings along the crystallographic a axis with IBr(2-) ions, Br(-) ions, and disordered 1-bromonaphthalene molecules in the adjacent, parallel columns. The overall reaction for the formation of 1 is 2H(2)(pc) + 4IBr --> 2[H(2)(pc)][IBr(2)] + I(2), and the overall reaction for the formation of 2 (not including solvent) is 2H(2)(pc) + 3IBr --> [H(2)(pc)](2)Br[IBr(2)] + I(2).     

Synthesis and properties of novel poly(amide-imide)s containing pendent diphenylamino groups

A new dicarboxylic acid, 2,4-bis(N-trimellitoyl)triphenylamine, bearing two preformed imide rings was synthesized from the condensation of 2,4-diaminotriphenylamine and trimellitic anhydride at 1:2 molar ratio. A series of poly(amide-imide)s (PAIs) with inherent viscosities of 0.38-0.66 dl/g were prepared by triphenyl phosphite-activated polycondensation from the diimide-dicarboxylic acid with various aromatic diamines. All the resulting PAIs were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents and formed strong and tough films via solution casting. These PAIs have useful levels of thermal stability associated with moderately high glass-transition temperatures (259-314 °C) and 10% weight loss temperatures in excess of 530 °C in nitrogen or in air.     

Molecular modeling on recognition of sheared and normal DNA by novel metal complex Λ- and Δ-[Co(phen)2hpip]

Recognition of sheared and normal DNA by a novel metal complex [Co(phen)₂hpip]³⁺ (phen=1,10-phenanthroline, HPIP=2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)imidazole[4,5-f][1,10]phenanethroline) is studied by molecular modeling. Calculating results indicate that, this complex can specifically recognize DNA segment of sequence –MMNNMM– (M means mismatch base pairs and N means normal base pairs). Intercalating from minor groove between the middle normal duplex into the sheared DNA with the depth of 1.2 nm is of preference and enantioselectivity is observed. Comparison on the two DNA structures of optimal conformation and analysis on the interaction between DNA and the two tail ligands of the complex show that, the effect of the two neighboring mismatch duplexes on the structure of the middle normal base pairs and the steric interaction between the mismatch duplexes and the two tail ligands of the complex are the essential reason to the segment specificity. Investigation on the detailed energy terms indicate that, in effecting enantioselectivity, the electrostatic distribution of the complex is in the majority and steric interaction is at the next place. But, steric interaction is surely the only factor determining the intercalating from minor groove.     

Photochemical Reaction of Decacarbonyldirhenium with Thiophene and Crystal Structure of Tetradecacarbonylhydridotrirhenium

The photochemical reaction of Re₂(CO)₁₀ with thiophene in hexane solution was investigated under vacuum. Three rhenium clusters: H₂Re₃(CO)₁₂, HRe₃(CO)₁₄ and Re₃(CO)₁₄(OH)₄, were isolated. The structure of Fellmann-Kaesz cluster Complex HRe₃(CO)₁₄ was determined by use of the X-ray diffraction method. The three rhenium atoms form a plane of symmetry and L: Re₁Re₂Re₃ is 107°. The ten carbonyl groups bonded to the two terminal rhenium atoms Re₁ and Re₃, are staggered with respect to the central rhenium atoms. The bond lengths are 3.10 Å for Re₂-Re₃ and 3.34 Å for Re₁-Re₂. The bridging hydride is between Re₁ and Re₂.     

Experiments in Solving Mixed Integer Programming Problems on a Small Array of Transputers

The time-consuming process of solving large-scale Mixed Integer Programming problems using the branch-and-bound technique can be speeded up by introducing a degree of parallelism into the basic algorithm. This paper describes the development and implementation of a parallel branch-and-bound algorithm created by adapting a commercial MIP solver. Inherent in the design of this software are certain ad hoc methods, the use of which are necessary in the effective solution of real problems. The extent to which these ad hoc methods can successfully be transferred to a parallel environment, in this case an array of at most nine transputers, is discussed. Computational results on a variety of real integer programming problems are reported.