Scalable and Transferable Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Agent Mixed Cooperative–Competitive Environments Based on Hierarchical Graph Attention

Most previous studies on multi-agent systems aim to coordinate agents to achieve a common goal, but the lack of scalability and transferability prevents them from being applied to large-scale multi-agent tasks. To deal with these limitations, we propose a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) based multi-agent coordination control method for mixed cooperative–competitive environments. To improve scalability and transferability when applying in large-scale multi-agent systems, we construct inter-agent communication and use hierarchical graph attention networks (HGAT) to process the local observations of agents and received messages from neighbors. We also adopt the gated recurrent units (GRU) to address the partial observability issue by recording historical information. The simulation results based on a cooperative task and a competitive task not only show the superiority of our method, but also indicate the scalability and transferability of our method in various scale tasks.     

单链和寡链等规聚苯乙烯聚集体的结晶行为

自1960年Hoffman等提出聚合物结晶成核理论以来,人们对聚合物结晶生长速率、片晶的侧向尺寸随过冷度的变化等现象成功地进行了理论描述．1997年,Hoffman等对聚合物结晶成核理论进行修正,将de Gennes的聚合物“蛇行”概念。引入表面成核理论,通过对单根分子链从过冷熔体“卷绕”到晶体前沿所需的时间进行估算,其结果远远低于Flory预言时间约3～5个数量级,据此,Hoff-man认为,在聚合物结晶过程中,分子链在强迫稳态下的“蛇行”运动有足够的时间解缠结和结晶。     

白酒中游离有机酸的定量测定

本文介绍了一种简单、准确测定白酒中游离有机酸的方法。酒样经中和、浓缩后,未经衍生直接注入毛细管色谱柱,经气相色谱-质谱鉴定并采用三种内标物定量,可准确测定白酒中C2～C18的二十种游离脂肪酸及三种苯羧酸,结果重现性良好。     

Two new hydrogen bond-supported supramolecular compounds assembly from polyoxovanadate and organoamines

Two novel organic-inorganic hybrid compounds based on organoamines and polyoxovanadates formulated as (H₂dien)₄[H₁₀V₁₈O₄₂(PO₄)](PO₄)·2H₂O (1) (dien=diethylenetriamine) and (Him)₈[HV₁₈O₄₂(PO₄)] (2) (im=imidazole) have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions by using different starting materials, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, ESR, XPS, TGA and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Crystal data for compound 1: C₁₆H₇₄N₁₂O₅₂V₁₈P₂, Monoclinic, space group C2/c, a=23.9593(4) Å, b=13.0098(2) Å, c=20.1703(4) Å, β=105.566(3)°, V=6056.6(19) Å³, Z=4; for compound 2, C₂₄H₄₁N₁₆O₄₆V₁₈P, Tetragonal, space group I4/mmm, a=13.5154(8) Å, b=13.5154(8) Å, c=19.1136 Å, β=90°, V=3491.4(3) Å³, Z=2. Compound 1 consists of protonated diens together with polyoxovanadates [H₁₀V₁₈O₄₂(PO₄)]⁵⁻. Compound 2 is composed of protonated ims and polyoxovanadates [HV₁₈O₄₂(PO₄)]⁸⁻. There are hydrogen-bonding interactions between polyoxovanadates and different organoamines in 1 and 2. Polyoxovanadates are linked through H₂dien into a three-dimensional network via hydrogen bonds in 1, while polyoxovanadates are linked by Him into a two-dimensional layer network via hydrogen bonds in 2. The crystal packing patterns of the two compounds reveal various supramolecular frameworks.     

纳米金探针检测Hg 2+离子

利用Hg2＋的核酸适体修饰纳米金形成探针建立了一种定量检测Hg2＋离子的方法. Hg2＋适体吸附在纳米金表面, 使纳米金的稳定性增强, 抑制氯化钠对纳米金的团聚作用. 溶液中有Hg2＋离子存在时, 由于适体与纳米金的吸附作用小于适体与Hg2＋离子的亲和作用, 纳米金失去适体保护在氯化钠作用下发生团聚. 溶液颜色由红变蓝, 紫外-可见光谱最大吸收峰由520 nm红移至620 nm. 在优化条件下, 吸光度的比值(A620/A520)与Hg2＋离子浓度在5.0×10－9～7.2×10－7 mol•L－1范围内呈线性关系, 检测限可达3.3×10－10 mol•L－1. 研究了K＋, Ca2＋等常见离子的干扰, 结果表明该方法具有良好的选择性.     

DNA／聚（3-甲基噻吩）复合膜修饰电极的制备及其应用于研究8-羟基-2＇-脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷的伏安行为及测定

首先通过电聚合方法在玻碳电极表面制备了聚（3-甲基噻吩）（P3MT）修饰膜,然后在一定电位下将DNA分子电沉积到P3MT表面,制备了DNA／（P3MT）复合膜修饰玻碳电极．研究了8-羟基-2’-脱氧鸟嘌呤核苷（8-OH-dG）在该复合膜修饰电极上的伏安行为以及扫描速度、pH值和尿酸对其伏安行为和检测的影响．实验结果表明,该复合膜修饰电极结合了P3MT和DNA两者的优点,使8-OH-dG在复合膜修饰电极上的电化学行为明显改善,而且具有很好的重现性和稳定性．在0．1mol／LpH7．0的磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）中,8-OH-dG的氧化峰电流与其浓度在0．28～4．2μmol／L和4．2～19．6μmol／L两个范围内成良好的线性关系,检出限为56nmol／L（S／N=3）．该研究可以为制备HPLC或毛细管电泳电化学检测器检测8-OH—dG打下一定的基础,因此在检测尿样中8-OH-dG的研究方面具有潜在的应用价值．     

Soft‐Chemical Exfoliation Route to Layered Cobalt Oxide Monolayers and Its Application for Film Deposition and Nanoparticle Synthesis

A colloidal suspension of exfoliated, layered cobalt oxide nanosheets has been synthesized through the intercalation of quaternary tetramethylammonium ions into protonated lithium cobalt oxide. According to atomic force microscopy, exfoliated nanosheets of layered cobalt oxide show a plateau‐like height profile with nanometer‐level height, underscoring the formation of unilamellar 2D nanosheets. The exfoliation of layered cobalt oxide was cross‐confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, UV/Vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The maintenance of the hexagonal in‐plane structure of the cobalt oxide lattice after the exfoliation process was evidenced by selected‐area electron diffraction and Co K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis. The zeta‐potential measurements clearly demonstrated the negative surface charge of cobalt oxide nanosheets. Adopting the nanosheets of layered cobalt oxide as a precursor, we were able to prepare the monodisperse CoO nanocrystals with a particle size of ≈10 nm as well as the heterolayered film composed of cobalt oxide monolayer and polycation.