Improving Catalytic Performance of Burkholderiacepacia Lipase by Chemical Modification with Functional Ionic Liquids

Various imidazolium and choline-based functional ionic liquids(ILs) comprising different cations and anions were grafted onto Burkholderiacepacia lipase(BCL) through surface amino acids coupling. The catalytic activity, thermostability, organic solvent tolerance and adaptability to temperature and pH changes of the modified BCL were then evaluated in olive oil hydrolysis reaction. The results showed that different combinations of cations and anions in ILs had important influence on the catalytic performance of the modified lipases. BCL modified with IL[Choline] [H₂PO₄] was the most improved lipase, in which increases by 1.2 folds in relative activity, 2.5 folds in typical proton solvent(10% methanol, volume fraction), and 1.4 folds in thermostability(after incubation at 70℃ for 2 h) were achieved in relative toits native form. BCL modified with[HOOCEPEG₃₅₀IM] [BF₄] had higher optimal tempe-rature and pH, and better thermosability compared with the native and other modified BCLs. The conformational changes of BCLs were also confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy.     

Efficient Removal of Lead from Washing Effluent of Lead-contaminated Soil with Garlic Peel

Wastewater produced from the soil washing process contains heavy metals, which limits its reuse for washing. So it is necessary to develop an efficient and economical way to recycle it, and this study presented a biosorption method to realize this goal. A typical soil sample contaminated by lead was taken from the real field near a lead smelting factory, used for the toxic metals extraction with dilute citric acid. A leach liquor was obtained with lead ions at the level of 12.35 mg/L, Cd 1.2 mg/L, Cu 1.5 mg/L, Zn 2.6 mg/L, as well as the coexisting anions, such as sulphate, silicate, chloride at the concentration of several hundred miligram per liter. The garlic peel was modified by a simple chemical saponification process and used as the biosorbent for toxic metal removal. Firstly, the adsorption behavior of lead ions on the saponified garlic peel was systematically investigated using the synthetic solutions, and then the adsorption mechanisms were explored by detailed experiments combining with the thermodynamic calculation reuslts of the aqueous system of Pb(Ⅱ)-citrate-H₂O. It was found that in artificial solution containing 0.01 mol/L citrate, the maximum adsorption capacity of 261.0 mg/g was reached at pH near 3.0, and also at this very pH value the Pb²⁺ and Pb(H₂Cit)⁺ were the dominant lead species, which are favorable for adsorption due to its easier approaching to the -COO^- ligands in the saponified garlic peel partilces via charge attraction, and the appearance of Pb(HCit)⁰ and Pb(Cit)^- at pH above 3.0 inhibits the adsorption. Secondly, the real leach liquor was used for adsorption tests, and twice adsorption under the optimal conditons would decrease the residual concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn to zero. After elution by using 0.1 mol/L nitric acid, the adsorbed metals can be recovered and garlic peel can be reused for at least 10 cycles effectively. This study presents a prospective biosorption method for economical and efficient removal of the lead ions from soil washing wastewater with citric acid as the leaching reagent.     

Multispectral Plasmon of Anisotropic Core-shell Gold Nanorods@SiO2: Dual-band Absorption Enhancement with Coupling Dye Molecules

Direct evidence of effects of surface plasmon resonance(SPR) of gold nanorods(GNRs) on dual-band light absorption enhancement with coupling dye molecules was reported by introducing gold nanorod@SiO₂(GNR@SiO₂) core-shell nanoparticles into a photoelectric conversion system. GNR with asymmetric shape had unusual anisotropic SPR[transversal surface plasmon resonance(TSPR) and longitudinal surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)]. The excellent SPR of GNR made it a promising candidate as enhancing light absorption material to increase power conversion efficiency(PCE). The PCE was improved nearly 17.2% upon incorporating GNRs, mostly due to the increase in J_sc, while V_oc and FF were unchanged. The improvement was mostly contributed by the SPR of the GNRs with coupling of N719. And there was also a complementary to N719 in visible light range. Therefore, SPR is an effective tool in improving the photocurrent and consequently enhancement of PCE. The TSPR and LSPR effects of GNRs on light harvesting were reflected in the increased monochromatic incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency(IPCE). We also utilized finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) to investigate the light coupling of GNRs with TiO₂. Compare to the base anode, the IPCE of optimized electrode showed significant improvement and peaks broadening at 500-600 nm and 610-710 nm. We got an increase in overall conversion efficiency from 6.4% to 7.5%.     

比拟教学法在物理化学教学中的应用示例

为解决学生难以理解物理化学中原理和概念的问题,让概念和原理变得形象生动、通俗易懂,在授课时引入了一种颇有特色的比拟教学法。介绍了这一拟人拟物教学法的要点,并通过列举的8个典型实例,对此方法的运用进行了详细的解读。     

导模法生长高质量氧化镓单晶的研究

使用导模法生长了宽度25 mm,长度100 mm的氧化镓(β-Ga2O3)单晶.晶体外观完整、无色、无开裂,粉末XRD测试证明所获得的晶体为β相,晶体摇摆曲线半峰宽为93.6",峰形对称,说明晶体质量良好.测试了未掺杂晶体的紫外透过光谱,并推算了晶体的禁带宽度为4.77 eV.此外,还重点讨论了晶体放肩时的工艺参数对晶体质量的影响.     

两自由度舵-轴系统振动三维效应修正模型

考虑到小展弦比舵所存在的三维效应,利用附加质量系数ε和环量系数δ对经典Theodorsen两自由度运动方程进行修正,并与经典颤振实验结果进行比较,验证了修正后两自由度运动方程的适用性.质量比μ的不同会引起两自由度舵-轴系统振动V-g曲线形态的差异,故根据V-g曲线形状的不同将系统的振动分为第一类振动和第二类振动,其对应情况下可能发生的颤振为第一类颤振和第二类颤振.利用修正后的两自由度颤振理论模型分析了支撑刚度k_h、扭转刚度k_α、舵弦向重心位置x_α和初始攻角AOA对舵-轴系统颤振特性的影响规律,并通过开展相关实验对理论计算值进行验证,实验结果与计算值吻合良好.计算结果表明,k_h,k_α,x_α和AOA对颤振速度V_F存在显著影响,它们可以分别在一定的取值范围内导致系统发生第二类颤振.并且,V_F随k_h的增大单调增大,随k_α和x_α的增大先增大再减小,随AOA的增大则逐渐减小.其中,令V_F存在非零值的x_α取值范围狭小,反映了系统振动形态对x_α的敏感性.因此,在设计阶段避免将x_α设置在这个狭小的范围内可以降低颤振的发生几率.另一方面,由于V_F对k_h和k_α的反应缓慢,一旦颤振发生就可以通过将刚性轴锁紧来消除颤振效应.     

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采用自主研发的全三维PIC/MCC软件对JAEA 10A多峰负氢离子源进行系统仿真,分析了电极布局对H?体积产生效率的影响.模拟结果显示:放电功率一定的情况下,增加电极数目,高能电子导致的横向漂移相对减弱,进而得到相对均匀的H?束;但电子的相对利用率越低,导致H?体积产生效率较低.电极越靠近过滤磁区,高能电子导致的横向漂移相对增强,H?体积产生效率较低.改变电极数量,H?体积产生效率和空间均匀性不可兼得,电极远离磁过滤区,可实现双赢.     

熔盐包层设计与氚增殖比的计算

通过对聚变堆设计包层进行先后的一维、三维氚增殖比计算与分析,确定合适的模块材料、明确的模块划分以及相应的模块厚度,最终找到了合适的满足氚自持(TBR=1.3162)的熔盐设计包层。     

基于光纤光栅的冲击能检测

提出一种利用光纤光栅作为传感元构成传感阵列对冲击能进行检测的方法.通过搭建简易冲击系统装置,将光纤光栅应变传感器沿轴向对称粘贴于圆杆表面,对入射应力波能量进行检测.实验结果表明,两杆对心正冲击时入射应力波幅值最大,能量传递效率最高.通过分析频率域内的应力波信号可知,其能量主要集中在0~5 000Hz频率范围内.将入射应力波能量与冲杆动能进行对比,结果表明冲杆与圆杆传递能比在93%以上,基本满足冲击机械性能测试的需求.     

Weak convergence to Rosenblatt sheet

We study the problem of the approximation in law of the Rosenblatt sheet. We prove the convergence in law of two families of process to the Rosenblatt sheet: the first one is constructed from a Poisson process in the plane and the second one is based on random walks.