Rarefied Flow Computations Using Nonlinear Model Boltzmann Equations

High resolution finite difference schemes for solving the nonlinear model Boltzmann equations are presented for the computations of rarefied gas flows. The discrete ordinate method is first applied to remove the velocity space dependency of the distribution function which renders the model Boltzmann equation in phase space to a set of hyperbolic conservation laws with source terms in physical space. Then a high order essentially nonoscillatory method due to Harten et al. (J. Comput. Phys. 71, 231, 1987) is adapted and extended to solve them. Explicit methods using operator splitting and implicit methods using the lower-upper factorization are described to treat multidimensional problems. The methods are tested for both steady and unsteady rarefied gas flows to illustrate its potential use. The computed results using model Boltzmann equations are found to compare well both with those using the direct simulation Monte Carlo results in the transitional regime flows and those with the continuum Navier-Stokes calculations in near continuum regime flows.     

Optical properties of impurity atoms in pressurized superfluid helium

We report on the optical properties of alkali atoms (Cs and Rb) in the pressurized superfluid helium. We observed excitation and emission spectra at various pressures from the saturated vapor pressure to about 25 atm. The theoretical calculations on the basis of the atomic bubble model have also been worked out. The qualitative agreement between the theoretical and experimental results with respect to the peak shift, the linewidth, and their pressure dependence is achieved in the framework of the spherical atomic bubble model. TheD ₂ excitation spectra with the double peaks are interpreted qualitatively in terms of the Jahn-Teller effect, indicating the existence of the nontotally symmetrical density distribution of the surrounding helium atoms.     

Vibrational spectrum of uridine obtained by means of nonresonant-background-free CARS spectroscopy

Received: 18 June 1996/Revised version: 3 January 1997     

Double-diffusive convection for a heated cylinder submerged in a salt-stratified fluid layer

Double-diffusive convection due to a cylindrical source submerged in a salt-stratified solution is numerically investigated in this study. For proper simulation of the vortex generated around the cylinder, a computational domain with irregular shape is employed. Flow conditions depend strongly on the thermal Rayleigh number, Ra _T , and the buoyancy ratio, R _ρ. There are two types of onset of instability existing in the flow field. Both types are due to either the interaction of the upward temperature gradient and downward salinity gradient or the interaction of the lateral temperature gradient and downward salinity gradient. The onset of layer instability due to plume convection is due to the former, whereas, the onset of layer instability of layers around the cylinder is due to the latter. Both types can be found in the flow field. The transport mechanism of layers at the top of the basic plume belongs to former while that due to basic plume and layer around the cylinder are the latter. The increase in Ra _T reinforces the plume convection and reduces the layer numbers generated around the cylinder for the same buoyancy ratio. For the same Ra _T , the increase of R _ρ suppresses the plume convection but reinforces the layers generated around the cylinder. The profiles of local Nusselt number reflects the heat transfer characteristics of plume convection and layered structure. The profiles of averaged Nusselt number are between the pure conduction and natural convection modes and the variation is due to the evolution of layers. Received on 13 September 1996     

Time-harmonic response of a vertical crack in plates

A technique for the characterization of an interior crack perpendicular to the surface of the plates is presented. A time-harmonic line load is applied on the upper surface of the plate. The scattered displacement field is calculated by using the strip element method. It is found that there are additional superimposed oscillations in the curve of the absolute values of the displacement in the region between the load and the crack. The mean value of the peaks of the additional oscillations increases with the crack length, and is less dependent on the distance from the load to the crack. The crack position is determined from the displacement distribution curve and the crack length is determined from the mean value of the peaks of the additional oscillations. Approximate polynomial formula of degree four for predicting the length of interior vertical cracks in isotropic homogeneous plates is also proposed. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the present technique.     

Left versus right canonical Wiener-Hopf factorization and realization

For an arbitrary rational matrix function, not necessarily analytic at infinity, the existence of a right canonical Wiener-Hopf factorization is characterized in terms of a left canonical Wiener-Hopf factorization. Formulas for the factors in a right factorization are given in terms of the formulas for the factors in a given left factorization. All formulas are based on a special representation of a rational matrix function involving a quintet of matrices.     

The reaction pattern of norbornene with excited state carbonyl compounds: Photochemical preparations of norbornene derivatives

We established that acetylacetone and acetone photolytically sensitize norbornene to undergo an efficient radical addition of solvent (ranging from hexane, cyclic ethers, haloalkanes, acetone, alcohols and acetonitrile) across the double bond. In view of its synthetic applicability, sensitized photoreactions of norbornene were reviewed and their mechanisms were compared. Photolysis of acetylacetone in the presence of norbornene in hexane induced i) acetylacetone to cycloadd to norbornene giving the expected 1,5-diketone, and ii) sensitization by triplet excited acetylacetone to generate reactive norbornene, which underwent dimerization as well as the addition of a solvent molecule by radical chain processes. In other solvents, the radical chain addition of solvent dominated the photoreaction, and superseded the cycloaddition, to give excellent to good yields of adducts to norbornene. While the excited species of acetylacetone for the sensitization was deduced to be its spectroscopic triplet excited state, that for the cycloaddition should involve a different one which may be a twisted triplet acetylacetone; sensitization experiments showed that the cycloaddition did not occur from the spectroscopic triplet state. Triplet excited acetone sensitized norbornene to undergo the same solvent addition more efficiently and cleanly than acetylacetone did. In view of various conflicts existing in the proposed energy transfer mechanism, the sensitized norbornene reactions were rationalized with electron transfer and a cation radical chain mechanism.     

A PULSED LASER AND PULSE RADIOLYSIS STUDY OF AMPHIPHILIC CHLOROPHYLL DERIVATIVES WITH PDT ACTIVITY TOWARD MALIGNANT MELANOMA

Two amphiphilic derivatives of chlorophyll, which have high potential as photodynamic therapy sensitizers for malignant melanoma have been investigated by a combination of laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis. It is shown that direct excitation of monomeric forms of these molecules in both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments produces significant yields of the corresponding triplet states, which have been characterized in terms of spectral and kinetic parameters. In both environments, scavenging of the triplets by oxygen produces singlet oxygen, O₂(^lΔ₈), with essentially unit efficiency as evidenced by time-resolved IR luminescence measurements.