Generalized Born scattering in anisotropic media

The Born scattering approximation has been widely used in seismology to study scattered waves, and to linearize the propagation problem for inversion. The standard Born theory requires the model be separated into a smooth, reference model and a perturbation. Scattering occurs from the pertubation. In the distorted Born approximation, when the reference model is inhomogeneous, the reference Green's functions are normally not known exactly, but the error in these Green's functions is rarely quantified. In this paper, we generalize Born scattering theory to include the errors in the Green's functions explicitly, and obtain scattering integrals from these errors. For forward modelling, there is no need to separate the model into a reference and perturbation part - approximate Green's functions in the true model can be used to calculate the scattered signals.

The theory is developed for inhomogeneous, anisotropic media. Asymptotic ray theory results are suitable approximate Green's functions for the generalized Born scattering theory. The error terms are simple, easily calculated and included in the scattering integrals. Various applications of generalized Born scattering theory have already appeared in the literature, e.g. quasi-shear ray coupling, and this paper is restricted to an improved and more complete theoretical development. Further applications will appear elsewhere.     

Solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride: Experimental results and correlation

The solubility of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride was measured in the temperature range from 40 to 160°C, up to 6 mol-kg salt solutions and total pressures up to 10 MPa. Pitzer's⁽¹⁾ equations as well as the Chen and Evans⁽²⁾ model were used to correlate the new data. Results are reported and compared to literature data and correlations.     

Raman spectroscopic investigations of the structure and phase transitions of liquid crystalline lead(II) alkanoates

Lead(II) alkanoates with even chain lengths from octanoate to octadecanoate have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. In the low frequency region, transverse and longitudinal acoustical modes (TAM, LAM) have been assigned. It was shown that LAM-1 is the vibration of the double chain with the node of the vibration in the Pb²⁺ layer. A fully extended conformation of the chains in the low temperature phase was confirmed. The frequencies and intensities of the LAMs as compared with those of the alkanes and the fatty acids led to an estimate of the force constant and polarizability of the Pb²⁺ -COO^- bond relative to the C-C bond. The defects at the chain ends were investigated in the ρ(CH₃) and v(CC) region. For the intermediate (CM) phase, both the Pb²⁺ layer distance reduction and the chain length independent enthalpy contributions can be attributed mainly to defects at the chain ends.     

Photoinduced electron transfer variables: rigidity or orientation?

The relatives photoreactives of bridged-ring systems 1, 3, 5-X and 6-X (X ≡ Cl or Br) have been studied at 254 nm in acetic acid. The formation of photosolvolysis product was rationalized in terms of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer (ET) processes. The relative ease of ET in these donor—bridge—acceptor model system was analyzed in terms of known ET variables including free-energy changes, orientation effects and ridigity effects. The observed relative photoreactivities agreed better with the calculated free-energy changes when relative rigidities of the electron acceptor termini were evaluated. In general, the more rigid system were more photoreactive.     

Synthesis of unsaturated polyester resins for large sized composites

A series of unsaturated polyesters based on phthalic anhydride (PHA), maleic anhydride (MA), ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DG), triethylene glycol (TG), propylene glycol (PG), styrene (Sty) and acrylonitrile (AN) were prepared. The molecular weights of the prepared polyesters were determined by end-group analysis. The effect of the structure of the resin on its curing behavior has been investigated. On the basis of the experimental study, the following were concluded: (1) The maximum curing temperature (T_max) is related to the molecular weight of the glycol incorporated in these castings. In this context the T_max was found to decrease with increasing the molecular weight. Meanwhile the time to peak temperature t_max was increasing. (2) The higher the percentage of AN in the crosslinking monomer system, the slower a resin cures. (3) The values of T_max were found to be influenced to a large extent by the percentage of AN.     

Dehydration and dehydroxylation of reduced charge montmorillonite

Reduced charge montmorillonites (RCM) were prepared by the thermal treatment of lithiumsaturated montmorillonite. Samples prepared by mild thermal treatment with lithium contained more water sorbed than the original montmorrilonite. When RCMs were prepared, part of the lithium cations reacted with hydroxyl groups in the octahedral sheet and released protons, which reacted with the structure. Acid treatment probably enhanced the surface area. which was reflected in the amount of water sorbed. Deprotonation of hydroxyl groups was proved by the measurements of the ignition loss. The heating of lithium saturated montmorillonite at higher temperatures brough about the collapse of the interlayers and a decrease in the amount of water sorbed.     

A high sensitivity titration calorimeter using pyroelectric sensor

A new sensitive isothermal titration microcalorimeter using polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as detector has been developed. Heat pulses of less than 0.4 μJ can be detected and the baseline noise level (p-p) is 40 nW. The calorimeter is constructed with one reaction cell (0.7 ml) insulated by several radiation shields inside a vacuum chamber. The performance of the instrument was examined by measuring the heat of protonation of Tris with HCl. The enthalpy of reaction was found to be ?49±1 kJ·mol^?1, in good agreement with the reported value of ?47.5 kJ·mol^?1.     

Surface tension of talc and talc-chlorite mixtures

It is possible to estimate surface tension of high-energy solids combining the immersion microcalorimetry thermodynamics and Van Oss' model. In this study we have applied this method on talc and talc-chlorite samples in order to obtain thermodynamic values which permit to understand surface properties useful in the industrial applications of these solids. Some talcite samples are preferentially used in specific industrial applications because they are less hydrophobic or more lamellar. This method seems to be reliable to classify the solids and predict some properties.