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We study the evolutionary Prisoner's dilemma game on scale-free networks, focusing on the influence of different initial distributions for cooperators and defectors on the evolution of cooperation. To address this issue, we consider three types of initial distributions for defectors: uniform distribution at random, occupying the most connected nodes, and occupying the lowest-degree nodes, respectively. It is shown that initial configurations for defectors can crucially influence the cooperation level and the evolution speed of cooperation. Interestingly, the situation where defectors initially occupy the lowest-degree vertices can exhibit the most robust cooperation, compared with two other distributions. That is, the cooperation level is least affected by the initial percentage of defectors. Moreover, in this situation, the whole system evolves fastest to the prevalent cooperation. Besides, we obtain the critical values of initial frequency of defectors above which the extinction of cooperators occurs for the respective initial distributions. Our results might be helpful in explaining the maintenance of high cooperation in scale-free networks. 相似文献
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对6株不同的龙须菜材料进行了生长速度和光合色素含量等数量性状及AFLP分析,其中3株分别采自中国的青岛、石岛、龙须岛,2株分别来自南非和委内瑞拉,1株为青岛野生型选育品系981,以细基江蓠繁枝变型做种外对照.分析结果显示,与青岛野生型相比,981生长速度和光合色素含量发生了不同程度的改变,两者在亲缘关系极其相近的同时,又存在一定的遗传差异,本文通过AFLP标记检测到的这些差异位点很可能包含着与上述性状有关的遗传信息.4株中国龙须菜和1株南非龙须菜中,南非材料生长最快,龙须岛材料光合色素组成差异最明显,不同材料间的遗传距离有随地理间距增大而逐渐增大的趋势.此外,数量性状和AFLP分析均表明委内瑞拉材料与其他各株龙须菜间存在高度的差异,有的遗传距离甚至超过了种外对照,为将其划分到江蓠属中龙须菜以外的种增添了更加有力的新的证据. 相似文献
35.
Chuanxiongqin (tetramethyl pyrazine, TMPZ) is an active ingredient of the Chinese herb and was used to improve the anticoagulant activity of silk fibroin (SF). The side methyl of TMPZ was oxidized, and then linked to polyacrylic acid (PAA) via an ester bond. The prepared conjugate was further mixed with SF solutions at different ratios to make blend films. The resulting products were characterized by FTIR, UV spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The in vitro antithrombogenicity were evaluated by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and the prothrombin time (PT). It was shown that blend films had longer coagulation time than the pure SF film. 相似文献
36.
Ionic liquid (IL) stationary phase is especially suitable for separation of complex samples, owing to the “dual nature” of IL. In this study, a synthetic method of ionic liquid‐bonded polysiloxane (PSOIL) as stationary phase of GC was proposed. Then, the PSOIL was used to prepare an 8 m capillary column by static method. The column efficiency was measured to be about 4000 plates/m (k=3.55, naphthalene) after the column had been conditioned at 210°C. The durability of PSOIL column was better than that of the mixed stationary phase of IL and OV‐1. Moreover, the Abraham solvation parameter model was employed to characterize the PSOIL. The result revealed that the PSOIL had stronger dispersion force (l) than neat IL and stronger hydrogen bond basicity (a) than DB‐1. That meant the PSOIL might offer good selectivity for both polar and non‐polar analytes. The column exhibited unique selectivity for various organic substances, such as the homologous compounds of alkanes, esters, alcohols and aromatic compounds. It was also found that some aromatic positional isomers could be separated better on the PSOIL column than on the DB‐1 column. Furthermore, the stationary phase was suitable for separation of high‐boiling point compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalic esters, etc. All of these demonstrated that the PSOIL offered good selectivity and high separation efficiency for a wide range of analytes. 相似文献
37.
Zhang X Jiang X Zhang K Mao L Luo J Chi C Chan HS Wu J 《The Journal of organic chemistry》2010,75(23):8069-8077
A facile route has been developed for the preparation of a new family of contorted 1.2,3.4,7.8,9.10-tetrabenzocoronenes (TBCs). A two-step cyclization reaction, i.e., oxidative photocyclization followed by FeCl(3)-mediated intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation, was carried out on the olefin precursors to obtain the final TBC compounds. These new TBC molecules have contorted conformation due to steric overcrowding as disclosed by single-crystal crystallographic analysis. Nevertheless, they showed extended π-conjugation compared with coronene and exhibited strong aggregation in solution. The thermal behavior and self-assembly of TBC-C8 in solid were studied by a combination of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Compound TBC-C8 showed very good thermal and photostability and exhibited long-range ordered π-stacking in the bulk state. Moreover, uniform nanofibers with tens of micrometer length are formed in the drop-casted thin films. TBC-C8 also possesses a desirable HOMO energy level (-5.10 eV), which allows efficient charge injection from electrodes such as gold electrode. The charge carrier mobilities were determined by using the space-charge limited-current (SCLC) technique and high average hole mobility of 0.61 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) was obtained for TBC-C8. 相似文献
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电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量及配分量 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量和配分量的分析方法。样品经碱熔融后分离硅、铝等元素及钠盐,用硝酸和高氯酸破坏滤纸和溶解沉淀,用ICP-AES法测定稀土元素总量和配分量。讨论了溶解样品条件、共存元素干扰等影响测定的各种因素。实际样品的稀土总量与草酸盐重量法测定结果一致,配分量与X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)法、电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定结果一致。RSD(n=11)在0.15%~1.1%,加标回收率为97%~105%。测定范围为:La_2O_3/REO(80%~98%);CeO_2/REO(2%~20%);REO(16%~70%)。方法能快速准确地测定镧玻璃废粉中稀土元素总量及配分量。 相似文献
40.
Jing Shao Xiaoli Zhao Li Wang Qingxin Tang Weili Li Han Yu Hongkun Tian Xiaojie Zhang Yanhou Geng Fosong Wang 《Tetrahedron letters》2014
π-Extended thienoacenes that comprise alternatively arranged anthracene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene moieties and have 8 or 13 aromatic rings were synthesized. The delocalization of their HOMO and LUMO orbitals is over the entire molecules, and low-lying HOMO levels endow them good stability. 相似文献