Understanding a Teacher's Reflections: A Case Study of a Middle School Mathematics Teacher

The purpose of this research was to understand how one teacher reflected on different classroom situations and to understand whether the teacher's approach to these reflections changed over time. For the purposes of this study, we considered reflection as the teacher's act of interpreting her own practices and students' thinking to make sense of student understanding and how teaching might relate to that understanding. We investigated a middle school mathematics teacher's reflection on her students while watching videotapes of her classroom and categorized the reflection as Assess, Interpret, Describe, Justify, and Extend. The results show a higher percentage of Extend instances in later interviews than in earlier ones indicating the teacher's increasing attention to her own teaching in how her students developed their understanding. In addition, her reflection became clearer and better integrated as defined by the Cohen and Ball's triangle of interactions.     

Synthesis and characterization of indium–tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles

Synthesis and characterization of ITO nanoparticles were investigated in the present study. To synthesize the ITO nanoparticles flame spray pyrolysis was introduced. The average particle diameter increased with an increase in the molar concentration of the precursor. Raising the maximum flame temperature by controlling the gas flow rates also led to an increase in the average diameter of the particles. The crystalline ITO nanoparticles were synthesized, and their average primary particle diameters ranged from 11 to 20 nm. ITO thin films were prepared with a sol consisted of the ITO nanoparticles and a polymer binder. Effect of average particle diameter of the ITO nanoparticles on the transparency and the surface resistance of the ITO thin films were measured. As the average particle diameter increased, the transparency and the surface resistance decreased from 92 to 83% and from 1.0 × 10⁴ to 0.8 × 10⁴Ω/□, respectively.     

(–)‐α‐Isosparteine copper(II) diazide

In the title complex, [Cu(N₃)₂(C₁₅H₂₆N₂)], the Cu atom is surrounded by the two N atoms of the chelating (?)‐α‐isosparteine ligand and another two N atoms from the two azide anions, forming a distorted CuN₄ tetrahedron. The two azide anions are terminally bound to the Cu^II atom, and the dihedral angle between the N_sparteine—Cu—N_sparteine and N_azide—Cu—N_azide planes is 50.0 (2)°.     

The least-squares meshfree method for rigid-plasticity with frictional contact

The least-squares meshfree method (LSMFM) for rigid-plasticity based on J₂-flow rule and infinitesimal theory is proposed. In the least-squares formulation the squared residuals of the constitutive and equilibrium equations are minimized. Those residuals are represented in a form of first-order differential system using the velocity and stress components as nodal unknowns and thus the proposed formulation is a mixed-type method. Also the penalty scheme for the enforcement of the boundary and frictional contact conditions is devised and the reshaping of nodal supports is introduced to avoid the difficulties due to the severe local deformation near the contact interface. The proposed method does not require any structure of extrinsic cells for the construction of shape functions, the treatment of incompressibility, the integration of variational formulation and the reconstruction of approximation. Through some numerical examples of metal forming processes, the validity and effectiveness of the method are discussed.     

Photoluminescence properties of a cationic trinuclear zinc(II) complex with the tetradentate Schiff base ligand 6‐methyl‐2‐({[(pyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]imino}methyl)phenolate

Metal complexes with Schiff base ligands have been suggested as potential phosphors in electroluminescent devices. In the title complex, tetrakis[6‐methyl‐2‐({[(pyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]imino}methyl)phenolato‐1:2κ⁸N,N′,O:O;3:2κ⁸N,N′,O:O]trizinc(II) hexafluoridophosphate methanol monosolvate, [Zn₃(C₁₄H₁₃N₂O)₄](PF₆)₂·CH₃OH, the Zn^II cations adopt both six‐ and four‐coordinate geometries involving the N and O atoms of tetradentate 6‐methyl‐2‐({[(pyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]imino}methyl)phenolate ligands. Two terminal Zn^II cations adopt distorted octahedral geometries and the central Zn^II cation adopts a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The O atoms of the phenolate ligands bridge three Zn^II cations, forming a dicationic trinuclear metal cluster. The title complex exhibits a strong emission at 469 nm with a quantum yield of 15.5%.     

Effect of Fluorine Substitution on the Charge Carrier Dynamics of Benzothiadiazole‐Based Solar Cell Materials

The femtosecond transient absorption (TA) characterization of a new benzothiadiazole (BT)‐based donor–acceptor conjugated copolymer, poly[(2,6‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene)‐alt‐(4,7‐di(4‐octyldodecylthiopen‐2‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (PBT), as well as its fluorinated derivatives, PFBT and PDFBT, is carried out. Additionally, bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films consisting of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C₇₁‐butylic acid methyl ester (PC₇₀BM) are examined using TA spectroscopy. Both the singlet excited state dynamics in the copolymers and the charge transfer state dynamics in the BHJs are investigated in terms of fluorination dependency; the fluorinated copolymers exhibit less singlet exciton recombination rate than the fluorine‐free copolymer, and the BHJs including the fluorinated copolymers display slower monomolecular recombination than the fluorine‐free analogue. Furthermore, the excitation‐intensity‐dependent TA dynamics of the copolymers and BHJs is investigated, revealing that, when sufficiently high excitation intensity is used to induce annihilation processes, the fluorinated copolymers and BHJs incorporating the fluorinated copolymers show more rapid TA decay ascribable to morphological enhancement. These TA spectroscopic findings are found to correlate with the device characteristics with respect to fluorinated content in the polymer solar cells. In particular, both the short‐circuit current density and fill factor of BHJ solar cells correspond closely with the fast decay parameters of the BHJ films under high excitation intensity.

     

Limitations of growth regimes for cracks initiated in smooth fatigue specimens

The stages of the growth of small cracks initiating at natural flaws in smooth specimens subjected to fatigue loading are characterized and the dominant propagation mechanisms and corresponding fracture paths are described. Characteristic crack lengths are introduced to assess the transition between the regimes of microstructurally small cracks, physically small cracks and long cracks. A log Δσ-log a-diagram is used to derive estimates of these crack lengths. It is shown that simple formulate can be found which relate these characteristic crack lengths to mechanical and material parameters that can be measured using standard fracture mechanics specimens and fatigue tests.     

Effects of ultrasonic vibration on subcooled pool boiling critical heat flux

The effects of ultrasonic vibration on critical heat flux (CHF) have been experimentally investigated under natural convection condition. Flat bakelite plates coated with thin copper layer and distilled water are used as heated specimens and working fluid, respectively. Measurements of CHF on flat heated surface were made with and without ultrasonic vibration applied to working fluid. An inclination angle of the heated surface and water subcooling are varied as well. Examined water subcoolings are 5°C, 20°C, 40°C and the angles are 0°, 10°, 20°, 45°, 90°, 180°. The measurements show that ultrasonic wave applied to water enhances CHF and its extent is dependent upon inclination angle as well as water subcooling. The rate of increase in CHF increases with an increase in water subcooling while it decreases with an increase in inclination angle. Visual observation shows that the cause of CHF augmentation is closely related with the dynamic behaviour of bubble generation and departure in acoustic field.     

Synthesis,Characterization, and Reactivity of Novel 6H‐1,3,5‐Oxathiazine S,S‐Dioxides

A series of novel 6H‐1,3,5‐oxathiazine S,S‐dioxides were synthesized by the m‐CPBA oxidation (2.2 equiv) of 6H‐1,3,5‐oxathizines. The synthetic utilities of the newly synthesized cyclic sulfones were investigated. In a thermal condition, compounds 6H‐1,3,5‐oxathiazine S,S‐dioxides were found relatively stable, but Lewis acid‐induced thermal reaction afforded the corresponding amides. The plausible pathway to amides from 6H‐1,3,5‐oxathiazine S,S‐dioxides was also discussed in this account.