Heat transfer to flowing polymer melts

A theoretical and experimental study of heat transfer to polymer melts flowing through ducts is presented. The mathematical model provides for shear heating and expansion cooling effects for various wall boundary conditions.Experimental results, obtained in tube flow, show reproducible temperature and velocity profiles and the data confirm the predictions of the magnitude of the shear heating and expansion cooling effects.It is concluded that the method can be justified for predicting heat transfer in more complex geometries and some preliminary results are presented.     

Translation-invariant integrals,and Fourier analysis on Clifford and Grassmann algebras

The generalization of Berezin's Grassmann algebra integral to a Clifford algebra is shown to be translation-invariant in a certain sense. This enables the construction of analogs of twisted convolutions of Grassmann algebra elements and of the Fourier-Weyl transformation, which is an isomorphism from a Clifford algebra to the Grassmann algebra over the dual space, equipped with a twisted convolution product. As an application a noncommutative central limit theorem for states of a Clifford algebra is proved.     

Kronecker's canonical form and the QZ algorithm

This paper examines the behavior of the QZ algorithm which is to be expected when A?λB is close to a singular pencil. The predicted results are fully confirmed by practical experience of using the QZ algorithm on examples of this kind.     

Turbulent heat transfer to dilute aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide in pipes

An experimental investigation into turbulent heat transfer to pseudoplastic titanium dioxide suspensions in pipes has been carried out. Existing heat transfer correlations, including the analogy equations between heat and momentum transfer, generally predict higher Nusselt and Stanton numbers than those observed experimentally. However, a simplified heat transfer model based on the consideration of the laminar sub-layer at the wall and the turbulent core correlates the heat transfer results for heating as well as cooling. The limitations of the existing analogy equations between heat and momentum transfer are discussed.     

Loss of co-linearity by modular polyketide synthases: a mechanism for the evolution of chemical diversity

Modular polyketide synthases biosynthesise natural products through successive Claisen-type condensations, where one module is responsible for one round of chain extension. This review describes recent findings where this rule of co-linearity is broken, either by one module being bypassed (skipping) or through one module being used for multiple chain extension events (stuttering).     

Limits on the cosmological abundance of supermassive compact objects from a search for multiple imaging in compact radio sources

Using very long baseline interferometry we have searched a sample of 300 compact radio sources for examples of multiple imaging produced by gravitational lensing; no multiple images were found with separations in the angular range 1.5--50 milliarcsec. This null result allows us to place a limit on the cosmological abundance of intergalactic supermassive compact objects in the mass range approximately 10(6)M( middle dot in circle) to approximately 10(8)M( middle dot in circle); such objects cannot make up more than approximately 1% of the closure density ( 95% confidence). A uniformly distributed population of supermassive black holes forming soon after the big bang does not, therefore, contribute significantly to the dark matter content of the Universe.     

1-Cyanoimidazole as a Mild and Efficient Electrophilic Cyanating Agent

A mild and high-yielding cyanating reaction of amine, sulfur, and carbanion nucleophiles is reported here using 1-cyanoimidazole as an electrophilic cyanating agent.