β-环糊精聚合物-二茂铁安培型葡萄糖氧化酶电极

利用 β-环糊精的空穴结构 ,通过主客体化学反应将二茂铁包络在 β-环糊精聚合物的空穴中 ,同时将葡萄糖氧化酶交联在 β-环糊精聚合物上 ,制成对葡萄糖有灵敏响应的生物传感器。循环伏安和安培检测表明包络在 β-环糊精聚合物空穴中的二茂铁更加接近酶的氧化还原中心 ,可以有效地作为葡萄糖氧化酶和玻碳电极之间的电子媒介体 ,葡萄糖浓度在1.0×10-2 ～8.0mmol/L范围内 ,其浓度与电流响应值呈良好的线性关系 ,方法的检出限为2.0×10-3 mmol/L(S/N=3) ,在10s之内达到最大响应的95 %。用该法测定了血清中的葡萄糖含量 ,结果与传统方法吻合。     

共价键链杯芳烃-四硫富瓦烯超分子体系研究进展

综述了共价键链的杯芳烃-四硫富瓦烯超分子主体化合物的设计合成及其在电化学调控的分子识别、离子调节的电子转移行为和分子组装等领域的研究进展.     

新型exTTF衍生物的合成及其与四氯对苯醌的电子转移

以9,10-二蒽醌和1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-硫酮(1和3)为原料,利用亚磷酸三乙酯为偶联剂的Wittig交叉偶合反应合成exTTF化合物9-(4,5-二氰乙基硫基-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基)-10-[(4,5-亚乙基硫基)-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基]-9,10-二氢蒽(4).在氢氧化铯存在下,化合物4与2-氯乙氧基乙醇反应得到exTTF化合物9-[4-氰乙基硫基-5-(2-(2-羟乙氧基)乙基硫基-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基)]-10-[(4,5-亚乙基硫基)-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基]-9,10-二氢蒽(5).利用Mitsunobu反应,在偶氮二甲酸二乙酯和三苯基膦催化下,化合物5与对硝基苯酚反应得到exTTF化合物9-{4-氰乙基硫基-5-[2-(2-对硝基苯氧乙氧基)乙基硫基]-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基}-10-[(4,5-亚乙基硫基)-1,3-二硫代环戊烯-2-亚甲基]-9,10-二氢蒽(6).同时,X射线衍射分析了exTTF化合物4的晶体结构.循环伏安法研究表明化合物6呈现准可逆的两电子转移过程.利用紫外光谱法研究了exTTF化合物6与四氯对苯醌分子间的电子转移行为.结果表明,非氧化性金属阳离子Sc3+,Al3+和Pb2+可以有效促进电子供体6与电子接受体四氯对苯醌的分子间的电子转移行为.     

One‐Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reactions

A high amount of heteroatom doping in carbon, although favorable for enhanced density of catalytically active sites, may lead to substantially decreased electroconductivity, which is necessary for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction. Herein, a relatively low amount of nitrogen was successfully doped into carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a hydrothermal approach in one step, and the synthesized nitrogen‐doped CNT (CNT‐N) materials retained most of the original, excellent characteristics, such as the graphitic structure, tubular morphology, and high surface area, of CNTs. The resultant CNT‐N materials, although containing a relatively low amount of nitrogen doping, exhibited high electrocatalytic ORR activity, comparable to that of 20 wt % Pt/C; long durability; and, more importantly, largely inhibited methanol crossover effect.     

中国铅污染的调查研究

阐述了中国铅污染的调查结果,包括:历史回顾、群体铅中毒事件、燃油铅污染、燃煤铅污染、铅中毒率统计和防治研究等6个部分。历史回顾从人类对铅污染危害认识的3次飞跃,反映了铅污染由公共卫生问题上升为人类社会问题;中毒事件调查,告诉人们企业的违规排铅,是铅中毒事件的罪魁祸首;燃油污染调查结果表明,汽油无铅化后,燃油大气铅年排放量比从前平均降低了98%左右;燃煤污染的调查结果表明,中国燃煤铅排放量年均增长9.55%,到2010年,中国燃煤铅排放量突破14 000 t,是汽车尾气铅排放量的35倍,且燃烧大气铅排放量与儿童铅中毒率之间存在显著的正相关关系;中毒率的调查结果表明,2003—2007年中国儿童铅中毒率平均为23.61%,比1994—2003年的35.27%有显著降低,但2007年为23.5%,比2006年的17.2%有所反弹;防治研究指出,中国对铅的研究主要是涉及铅毒理和铅污染防治等方面的研究,2006年发表铅文献量接近1 600篇。防治对策是污染源控制和人群监测,发铅与血铅监测同样可靠。     

3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene nanocomposites with exceptional electrochemical performance for Li-ion battery anodes

MnO has a high theoretical capacity, moderate discharge plateau, and low polarization when it is used as the anode material in lithium battery. However, the issues that limit its application are its poor conductivity and large volume changes, which can easily result in the collapse of electrode structure during long-term cycling. In the present work, a carbon-coated MnO/graphene 3D-network anode material is synthesized by an electrostatic adsorption of dispersed precipitates precipitation method. The MnO nanoparticles coated by carbon are uniformly distributed on the surface of graphene nanosheets and form a 3D sandwich-like nanostructure. A carbon layer is coated on the surface of MnO nanoparticles, which slows down the volume expansion in the process of lithium intercalation. The graphene nanosheets are cross-linked through carbons in this 3D nanostructure, which provides mechanical support and effective electron conduction pathways during the charge-discharge. The electrochemical tests indicate that the prepared 3D carbon-coated MnO/graphene electrode exhibits an excellent rate capacity of 1247.3 and 713.2 mAh g^?1 at 100 and 1000 mA g^?1, respectively. The capacity is 792.2 mAh g^?1 after long cycle at a current density of 1000 mA g^?1. The specific capacity is higher than that of MnO-based composite lithium anode materials currently reported. The superior rate and cycling performances are attributed to the unique 3D-network structure, which provides an effectively conductive network, buffers volume expansion, and prevents falling and aggregation of MnO in the charge and discharge process of the electrode materials. The 3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene anode material will have an excellent application prospect.

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Graphical abstract Cyclic performance at 1 A g^?1 and SEM images (inset) of the 3D-structured carbon-coated MnO/graphene nanocomposite.

     

乙苯工艺技术开发及工业应用进展

乙苯是重要的基本有机化工原料,主要用于生产苯乙烯,进而作为合成橡胶和塑料等高分子材料的单体.乙苯的生产主要采用苯和乙烯的烷基化工艺.传统的AlCl3法由于存在设备腐蚀和环境污染等问题己逐步被环境友好的分子筛烷基化法取代.分子筛烷基化法分为气相法和液相法.气相烷基化催化剂为ZSM-5分子筛,例如Mobil-Badger气相烷基化工艺;液相烷基化催化剂有Y,Beta和MCM-22分子筛,例如Lummus/UOP的EBOne工艺和Mobil-Raythen的EBMax工艺.近年来,随着经济的发展,全球范围内乙苯需求量逐年增加,产能也逐渐扩大.尤其在中国大陆,目前乙苯产能居世界首位,其乙苯工艺技术的开发也最为活跃.经过20多年的发展,苯烷基化制乙苯工艺取得了长足发展.中国科学院大连化学物理研究所在成功合成ZSM-5/ZSM-11分子筛的基础上,与中国石化、中国石油联合开发了苯与干气气相烷基化制乙苯工艺;中国石化上海石油化工研究院则以ZSM-5分子筛为基础,开发了适应原料多样性的苯气相烷基化制乙苯催化剂和工艺技术,可以采用石油苯、焦化苯、纯乙烯、乙醇和稀乙烯为原料;石油化工科学研究院则开发了基于Beta分子筛的苯与乙烯液相烷基化催化剂及液相循环烷基化工艺.以上催化剂及工艺技术均己工业化应用.此外,实现催化烷基化与分离同时进行的催化蒸馏工艺以及乙烷脱氢再与苯烷基化的两段法制乙苯工艺的研究也取得了一定进展.在苯烷基化制乙苯工艺中,气相法操作温度高,苯与乙烯进料摩尔比高,因而能耗高,同时二甲苯含量高,产品纯度低.液相烷基化工艺则具有温度低和苯/烯比低的特点,其能耗控制及产品质量均优于气相法工艺.但是,液相反应中的扩散阻力大,孔道为10元环的ZSM-5分子筛失活迅速,因而选用了具有12元环孔道的Y,Beta和具有表面12元环碗状半超笼的MCM-22分子筛为催化剂.然而,液相法工艺的苯与乙烯进料摩尔比仍然远高于理论化学计量比,其产品中含有一定比例的多乙基苯(主要是二乙苯),需采用烷基转移过程将多乙基苯与苯反应生成乙苯.进一步降低苯/烯比、提高单乙苯选择性是未来乙苯工艺开发的努力方向.研究表明,介孔分子筛及纳米片状分子筛在苯烷基化反应中具有优于常规分子筛的催化表现,即更高的乙烯转化率和乙苯选择性.其原因在于,扩散是影响苯烷基化反应性能的关键因素,扩散性能的改善使得产物从活性位解吸后更容易扩散出去,进而空出活性位并进一步催化新的底物.同时,单烷基化产物与新的烷基化试剂进一步发生烷基化的几率降低,提高了单烷基化产物的选择性.因而,采用扩散性能更好的催化剂催化苯烷基化反应前景看好,关键问题在于如何简单并廉价地获取该类材料.另外,虽然分子筛催化苯烷基化是一个环境友好的工艺过程,但是在分子筛催化剂制备过程中会产生环境污染.同时,失活催化剂的处理也是需要考虑的问题.开发分子筛的绿色合成技术,减轻甚至消除环境污染是一个值得努力的方向;开发失活催化剂的综合利用技术,如采用失活催化剂为原料用于分子筛的合成,可以作为环境保护的有效手段.     

半参数混合效应模型中的估计及其强相合性

将Tao等(1999)提出的线性混合效应模型推广为半参数混合效应模型,给出了模型参数、回归函数和随机效应密度的估计,并研究了估计的强相合性及部分强相合速度.统计模拟表明我们给出的估计方法是可行的.     

Highly stable aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion battery: The synergistic effect between NaV_6O_(15) and V_2O_5 in skin-core heterostructured nanowires cathode

The aqueous rechargeable Zn-ion batteries based on the safe,low cost and environmental benignity aqueous electrolytes are one of the most compelling candidates for large scale energy storage applications.However,pursuing suitable insertion materials may be a great challenge due to the strong electrostatic interaction between Zn^{^(2+})and cathode materials.Hence,a novel NaV₆O₁₅/V₂O₅ skin-core heterostructure nanowire is reported via a one-step hydrothermal method and subsequent calcination for high-stable aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs).The NaV₆O₁₅/V₂O₅ cathode delivers high specific capacity of 390 m Ah/g at 0.3 A/g and outstanding cycling stability of 267 m Ah/g at 5 A/g with high capacity retention over 92.3%after 3000 cycles.The superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the synergistic effect of skin-core heterostructured NaV₆O₁₅/V₂O₅,in which the sheath of NaV₆O₁₅ possesses high stability and conductivity,and the V₂O₅ endows high specific capacity.Besides,the heterojunction structure not only accelerates intercalation kinetics of Zn²⁺transport but also further consolidates the stability of the layers of V₂O₅ during the cyclic process.This work provides a new perspective in developing feasible insertion materials for rechargeable aqueous ZIBs.