Effect of surface character of filler particles on rheology of heat-set whey protein emulsion gels

Small-deformation and large-deformation rheological properties of heat-set whey protein emulsion gels containing active and inactive filler particles have been investigated using a controlled stress rheometer. The results suggest that the contributions to the gel network are quite different for pure protein gels and emulsion gels having similar storage moduli. An emulsion gel containing inactive filler has a larger phase angle due to the energy dissipation at the ‘slippery’ droplet surface under the influence of the applied shear stress. The large-deformation rheology of the heat-set protein gel has behaviour intermediate between that for an entropic biopolymer gel and that for a particle gel. Emulsion gels containing active or inactive fillers behave more like typical particle gel systems.     

Study of molecular interactions between lipids and proteins using dynamic surface tension measurements: a review

Molecular interactions between small molecules and proteins, such as binding of lipids to proteins, are of fundamental importance in various biological processes. A recently-developed method based on dynamic surface tension measurement is efficient and versatile in detecting such molecular interactions: Axisymmetric Drop Shape Analysis (ADSA) provides a tool for measuring the surface tension (γ) response to surface area changes. Through the analysis of the γ response pattern, surface competitive adsorption between small organic molecules and protein molecules can be detected. Surface squeeze-out of small molecules by proteins can also be observed. Molecular binding of lipids to proteins manifests itself in a modification of the γ response which is not compatible with a simple superposition of the two individual patterns. The specific binding can be studied in terms of dose effects and specificity.     

Studies of artificial hydrolytic metalloenzymes: The catalyzed carboxyester hydrolysis by copper(II), zinc(II) and cobalt(II) complexes of the tripod ligand tris(2-benzimidazylmethyl)amine

The hydrolysis kinetics of p-nitrophenyl acetate (NA) catalyzed by Cu^II, Zn^II and Co^II complexes of tris(2-benzimidazylmethyl)amine (NBT) have been studied. The hydrolysis rate is first-order in both metal(II) complex and NA. The second-order rate constants, k_cat are 0.083, 0.241 and 0.285mol^–1Ls^–1 (298K, I = 0.10molL^–1 KNO₃, 0.02molL^–1 tris buffer, 40% MeCN aqueous solution) for Zn–NBT, Co–NBT and Cu–NBT complexes, respectively. The result indicates that the hydrolytic metalloenzyme activity of different metal complexes increases with the electrophilicity of the metal ions and that the complexes, in this paper, constitute that most efficient hydrolytic metalloenzyme models reported to date. An increase in MeCN content in the solution greatly reduces the hydrolytic activity of the nucleophiles.     

Thermodynamic Modeling of Actinide Complexation with Acetate and Lactate at High Ionic Strength

The stability constants of NpO ₂ ⁺ , UO ₂ ²⁺ Am³⁺, and Th⁴⁺ with acetate and lactate anions has been measured in 0.3–5.0m NaCl media at 25°C by the solvent extraction technique. For the 1:1 complexation, the values of the stability constants increased in the order: NpO ₂ ⁺ < Am³⁺ < ₂ ²⁺ < Th⁴⁺, in accordance with the actinide charge density and reflecting the strongly ionic bonding of the complexes. The Pitzer ionic interaction parameters were calculated and used to estimate the thermodynamic stability constants at I = 0. Because our data were collected mainly in the high ionic strength region values of ⁽¹⁾ were estimated from values reported in the literature. For all stability constants the Pitzer model gives an excellent representation of the data using three interaction parameters ⁽⁰⁾, ⁽¹⁾, and COn leave from Institute of     

Semiempirical molecular dynamics studies of C60/C70 fullerene oxides: C60O, C60O2 and C70O

The spectral analysis indicates that all isomers of C₆₀O, C₇₀O and C₆₀O₂ have an epoxide-like structure (an oxygen atom bridging across a C–C bond). According to the geometrical structure analysis, there are two isomers of fullerene monoxide C₆₀O (the 5,6 bond and the 6,6 bond), eight isomers of fullerene monoxide C₇₀O and eight isomers of fullerene dioxide C₆₀O₂. In order to simulate the real reaction conditions at 300 K, the calculation of the different isomers of C₆₀O, C₆₀O₂ and C₇₀O fullerene oxides was carried out using the semiempirical molecular dynamics method with two different approaches: (a) consideration of the geometries and thermodynamic stabilities, and (b) consideration of the ozonolysis mechanism. According to the semiempirical molecular dynamic calculation analysis, the probable product of this ozonolysis reaction is C₆₀O with oxygen bridging over the 6–6 bond (C_2v). The most probable product in this reaction contains oxygen bridging across in the upper part of C₇₀ (6–6 bond in C₇₀O-2 or C₇₀O-4) an epoxide-like structure. C₆₀O₂-1, C₆₀O₂-3 and C₆₀O₂-5 are the most probable products for the fullerene dioxides. All of these reaction products are consistent with the experimental results. It is confirmed that the calculation results with the semiempirical molecular dynamics method are close to the experimental work. The semiempirical molecular dynamics method can offer both the reaction temperature effect by molecular dynamics and electronic structure, dipole moment by quantum chemistry calculation.     

A molecular mechanics (MM3) study of fluorinated hydrocarbons

A molecular mechanics study of small saturated hydrocarbons (up to C-6), substituted by up to six fluorines was carried out with the MM3 force field. Perfluorobutane and Teflon were also studied. A parameter set was developed for use in the calculation of bond lengths, bond angles, torsion angles, conformational energies, barriers to rotation, dipole moments, moments of inertia and vibrational frequencies for these compounds. The results are in good agreement with experiment when only one or two fluorines are present, but some rather large discrepancies were noted when the F/H ratio becomes high. These can be taken into account only by using a force field more complicated than MM3. Some of the requirements of such a force field are delineated. Some pertinent ab initio results are also reported in this article.     

Electrophoretic characterization of a novel cysteine protease produced by Vibrio harveyi

Electrophoretic characterization of a novel cysteine protease produced by pathogenic luminous Vibrio harveyi, originally isolated from diseased tiger prawn Penaeus monodon in Taiwan, is demonstrated in the present study using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE (SDS-PAGE), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and isoelectric focusing (IEF) gels. The protease has a pI of 6.4 and exhibits a fast-migrating feature in native-PAGE and CIE gels indicating that it is a negatively charged protease. The protease electrophoresed as a 22 kDa protein band in native- and SDS-PAGE (in SDS - buffer with or without the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol) while it electrophoresed as a 38 kDa protein band in SDS-PAGE when the samples were boiled for 10 min prior to electrophoresis. The results reveal that the enzyme is an SDS-resistant monomeric protease and its high negative charge is not influenced by SDS (detergent) without boiling the sample. The present results are useful in determining proteins of similar nature to this unique cysteine protease.     

Double anionic cycloaromatization of 2-(6-substituted-3-hexene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitriles initiated by methoxide addition

[reaction: see text] Treatment of 2-((3Z)-undecene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitrile with 5 equiv of sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol for 16 h gave 1-pentyl-6-methoxyphenanthridine in 12% yield, 1-pentyl-6-phenanthridone in 6% yield, and 2-(2-pentyl-6-methoxyphenyl)benzonitrile in 4% yield. Under the same reaction conditions, methanolysis of several other benzonitriles gave similar results. Phenanthridine and biphenyl derivatives were obtained as the major products. A mechanism for this novel cycloaromatization reaction of enediynes is proposed.     

Vitamin K1在水-有机溶剂中单电子还原电位的测定

Vitamin K1(VK1)是一种非常重要的脂溶性维生素,其止血功能已为人们所熟悉.下图显示在生物体内VK参与的止血过程,在这个氧化还原循环过程中,VKH2环氧化变成VKO与－Glu－(谷氨酸蛋白)羧化而转变成－Gla－(γ－羧基谷氨酸蛋白)是同时发生的,但前一过程对后一过程有什么贡献至今还不清楚.     

Study on the direct analysis of solid powder biological samples using fluorination assisted electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with PTFE slurry modifier

A method has been described for the direct determination of Ti, Cu, Mn, Cr and Cd in solid biological samples without any chemical pretreatment by fluorination assisted electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ETV-ICP-AES) with slurry sampling. A polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) emulsion was used as a fluorinating reagent to promote the vaporization of the analytes from the graphite furnace. The interface between furnace device and ICP torch and the main factors affecting the analytical signal were investigated systematically. The detection limits for the determination of Ti, Cu, Mn, Cr and Cd are 6.3, 4.7, 10, 13 and 278 ng/mL, respectively; the relative standard deviations are in the range of 1.5 (Mn) ∼4.0% (Cd) after optimization of the operating conditions. The recommended approach has been applied to directly determine the trace elements of interest in the Chinese traditional medicine Loulu and in the solid biological standard reference material (peach leaves, GBW 08501) with satisfactory results. Received: 28 December 1998 / Revised: 9 February 1999 / Accepted: 12 February 1999