Advanced Current Collectors for Alkali Metal Anodes

High-energy-density batteries are in urgent need to solve the ever-increasing energy storage demand for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and renewable solar and wind energy systems. Alkali metals, typically lithium(Li), sodium(Na) and potassium(K), are considered as the promising anode materials owing to their low electrochemical potential, low density, and high theoretical gravimetric capacities. However, the problem of dendrite growth of alkali metals during their plating/stripping process will lead to low Coulombic efficiencies, a short lifespan and huge volume expansion, eventually hindering their practical commercialization. To resolve this issue, a very effective approach is engineering the anodes on structured current collectors. This review summarizes the development of the alkali metal batteries and discusses the recent advances in rational design of anode current collectors. First, the challenges and strategies of suppressing alkali-metal dendrite growth are presented. Then the special attention is paid to the novel current collector design for dendrite-free alkali metal anodes. Finally, we give conclusions and perspective on the current challenges and future research directions toward advanced anode current collectors for alkali metal batteries.     

Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of n-butyl-4- [4-((4-n-alkoxyl-tetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl)benzyloxy]benzoates

A homologous series of n-butyl-4-[4-((4-n-alkoxyl-tetrafluorophenyl)ethynyl)benzyloxy]benzoates have been synthesized.Their phase transition temperatures have also measured by polarizing textural observation and confirmed by DSC.     

水中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定前处理方法的优化

水体中过量的硝酸盐导致会严重的水生生态恶化和环境污染问题。氮稳定同位素技术为水体污染来源的判断及水生系统氮素转化机理研究提供了强有力的工具。在前人基础上,通过开发Cu2+-Cd复合催化结合超声波辅助加速反应,优化硝酸盐氮同位素比值测定前处理方法。考察了Cu2+添加量,超声功率以及反应时间变化对NO3--N转化生成N2O气体及其氮同位素比值的影响,在单因素实验基础上采用正交实验优化得到了最佳反应条件,并采用不同15N同位素比值的KNO3标准溶液结合气体预浓缩装置与稳定同位素质谱仪联用系统对新方法进行了验证。新方法单次反应体系中氮最低量为1.0 μg,其中自然丰度和高丰度样品δ15N分析精度小于1‰,富集样品的15N分析精度可达0.1 atom%以内(CV<1%);且所有标准样品的15N测定值与参考值基本一致。将优化后的方法应用于不同来源水样中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定,均可获得较好的精度,较原方法提高了前处理效率,且精度更优。综上,建立的方法准确可靠,操作简单,耗时短,适用于水中硝酸盐氮稳定同位素比值测定的批量、快速前处理。     

Discussion of Some Problems About Nonlinear Time Series Prediction Using v-Support Vector Machine

Some problems in using v-support vector machine (v-SVM) for the prediction of nonlinear time series are discussed. The problems include selection of various net parameters, which affect the performance of prediction, mixture of kernels, and decomposition cooperation linear programming v-SVM regression, which result in improvements of the algorithm. Computer simulations in the prediction of nonlinear time series produced by Mackey-Glass equation and Lorenz equation provide some improved results.     

高频聚焦超声声场和温度场的仿真研究*

为探究临床常用的7 MHz高频聚焦超声在多层生物组织中的声传播以及毫秒级时间内的生物传热规律问题,基于Westervelt方程和Pennes传热方程,使用有限元方法建立高频聚焦超声辐照多层组织的非线性热黏性声传播及传热模型。首先分析了线性模型和非线性模型之间的差异,然后在非线性模型下探究换能器的参数对声场和温度场的影响。仿真结果显示：在7 MHz频率下,当换能器输出声功率超过5 W时,声波传播的非线性效应不可忽视(p <0.05);当声功率从5 W增大到15 W时,非线性模型与线性模型预测的温度偏差从20%增加到34.703%;高频聚焦超声波的非线性行为比低频更加显著,基频能量向高次谐波转移的程度增大,声功率为10 W和15 W时4次谐波与基波之比分别达到7.33%和12.12%;高频换能器参数的改变对组织中声场和温度场分布的影响较大,换能器焦距从12 mm减小到11.2 mm,焦点处最高温度增加了77%。结果表明,7 MHz聚焦超声的非线性声传播需要考虑到4次谐波的影响。该文提出的多层组织非线性仿真模型可为高频聚焦超声换能器参数优化及制定安全、有效的术前治疗方案提供理论参考。     

小资料

复旦大学创建力学专业的第2年,1959年秋,朱照宣先生应邀来校系统讲授《振动理论》课程,课上提到翻身陀螺(后又介绍了俄文文献),引起学生们极大的兴趣。大家不相信竟有此事,于是动手实践。不久就有人做成功了,确实能翻身。具体做法是:在乒乓球上挖一小孔,就中注入少许蜡烛油,再用短羽毛管粘在小孔处。许多同学纷纷仿效,课间可看到不少翻身陀螺在旋转,在当时属于“尖端科学”的力学专业学生中形成了一股小小的“翻身陀螺热”．(陈守吉供稿)     

晶格畸变检测仪研究碳化硅晶片中位错缺陷分布

利用晶格畸变检测仪研究了SiC晶片位错分布情况,通过对熔融KOH腐蚀后的SiC晶片进行全片或局部扫描,从而得到完整SiC晶片或局部区域的位错分布.与LEXT OLS40003D激光共聚焦显微镜扫描腐蚀图进行比较,晶格畸变检测仪扫描腐蚀图可以将晶片上位错腐蚀坑信息完全呈现出来,且根据腐蚀坑呈现的颜色及尺寸大小,可以分辨出...     

Microwave Pyrolysis and Electrochemical Supercapacitor of S-doped g-C_3N_4 Nanoparticles

In this study, S-doped g-C_3N_4 nanoparticles were successfully prepared by one-step solid-state microwave synthesis. The detailed characterizations through XRD, FT-IR, SEM and XPS were studied. In addition, the electrochemical properties as supercapacitor of the sample were tested by cyclic voltammetry(CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge(GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) techniques. The results showed a high specific capacitance of 691 F/g at current density of 4 A/g in 2 M KOH + 0.15 M K_3[Fe(CN)_6] electrolyte. This study shows that the microwave synthesis is a promising way to design carbon-based electrodes for supercapacitor.     

新型含氮螯合树脂的制备及其吸附性能

以三甘醇和苯磺酰氯为原料,二乙烯三胺为交联剂合成了新型含氮螯合树脂(5),其结构经IR表征.讨论了Ni2 浓度和pH对5吸附容量的影响.动力学研究表明,5对Ni2 的吸附速率符合鲛岛公式.     

Complete Solution of Sun Tracking for Heliostat

A general solution of sun tracking for an arbitrarily oriented heliostat towards an arbitrarily located target on the earth is published. With the most general form of solar tracking formulae, it is seen that the used azimuth-elevation, spinning-elevation tracking formulae etc. are the special cases of it. The possibilities of utilizing the general solution and its significance in solar energy engineering are discussed.