CEMS and DCEMS investigations of Al-implanted iron

-Fe surfaces were implanted with a nominal dose of 5×10¹⁷ Al ions/cm² at 50 keV and a current density of about 3.7 A/cm². Samples of different shapes and thicknesses have been used in order to test the influence of heat flow from specimen to target holder during implantation. Integral and energy differential (depth-selective)⁵⁷Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS and DCEMS) were employed. The spectra indicated a magnetic phase characterised by a broad hyperfine field distributionP(B _hf), a non-magnetic phase, and -Fe. The relative intensity of the non-magnetic phase was enhanced if the thermal contact during implantation became worse. An energy dependence of DCEM spectra in the L-electron range was observed. Model calculations using L-electron weight functions and experimental concentration profiles obtained by secondary neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) yielded fair agreement between calculated and experimental phase signals. The results demonstrate that the non-magnetic Fe-Al alloy phase with high Al concentration is located closer to the surface than the magnetic alloy phase, which extends to much larger depth than expected.     

Coupling of the GB set property for ergodic averages

Let (Y,,,T) be an ergodic dynamical system. LetA be an nonempty subset ofL ²() such that , whereA=sup{||sȒt||₂ ,s, tA} andN(A, u) is the smallest number ofL ²()-open balls of radiusu, centered inA, enough to coverA. Let . We prove as a consequence of a more general result, thatC(A) is aGB subset ofL ²().     

Threshold conditions for 800 nm pumping of 2 μm Tm : Ho lasers

Pumping requirements of pulsed and continuous wave (CW) 2 m Tm : Ho lasers are investigated experimentally and theoretically for excitation at 800 nm. The influence of the pulse duration on threshold is measured using a chopped Ti : Al₂O₃ laser. Based on the experimental and simulated results the spatial and temporal pump requirements in future quasi-CW high-power diode-pumped 2 m Tm : Ho lasers are determined. The experiments and the model allow the evaluation of different loss mechanisms and indicate significant 540 nm emitting loss mechanisms.