The thermodynamic characteristics of formation of vacancies in carbon subgroup element crystals

A method for calculating the parameters of formation of vacancies in crystals formed by spherically symmetrical atoms was developed. Both quantum effects at low temperatures and the possibility of the delocalization of atoms at high temperatures were studied. The parameters of formation of vacancies in carbon subgroup element crystals C-diam, Si, Ge, α-Sn, and Pb were calculated. The inclusion of the delocalization of atoms was shown to increase the enthalpy, entropy, and volume of vacancy formation. At low temperatures, the parameters of vacancy formation were found to depend strongly on the temperature, and the entropy of vacancy formation became negative. At high temperatures, close agreement with experimental data and theoretical estimates reported by other authors was obtained. The temperature dependence of vacancy parameters was studied for diamond heated isobarically from 100 to 4500 K. The applicability scope of the Arrhenius equation with a temperature-independent activation energy is discussed. The validity of the “compensation rule” (correlation between the entropy and enthalpy of vacancy formation) was demonstrated. It was also shown that the volume and entropy of vacancy formation were correlated over the whole temperature range studied.

     

混合Bitsadze-Lavrentév-Tricomi边值问题

It is well known that F. G. Tricomi (1923) is the originator of the theoryof boundary value problems for mixed type equations by establishing the Thicomi equation: y·u_xx+u_yy=0 which is hyperbolic for y < 0, elliptic for y=0. and parabolic for y= 0 and then applied it in the theory of transonic flows.Then A.V.Bitsadze together with M. A . Lavrent′ev (1950) established the Bitsadze Lavre nt′ev equation: sgn( y ) ·u_xx+u_yy=0 where sgn(y) = 1 for y > 0, = -1 for y<0, 0 for y=0 with the discontinuous coefficient sgn( y ) of u_xx, while in the case of Tricomi equation the corre sponding coefficient y is continuous. In this paper we establish the mixed Bitsadze Lavrent′ev Tricomi equation. Lu=K(y)·u_xx+sgn(x) ·u_yy+r(x,y)·u=f(x,y), where the coefficient K=K(y) of u_xx is increasing continuous and coefficient M=sgn(x) of u_yy discontinuous, r=r(x,y) is once continuously differentiable, f=f(x,y) continuous. Finally we prove the uniqueness of quasi regular solutions and observe that these new results can bbe applied in fluid dynamics.     

Vascular morphology by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging

A three-dimensional examination of blood vessels is provided using MR data from seven cases. The vascular surfaces are constructed with an algorithm that automatically follows the selected artery or vein and generates a projected three-dimensional gradient shaded image. Fast 3DFT pulse sequences were optimized to enhance the time-of-flight contrast of the intravascular region. By increasing the surface threshold value in a three-dimensional head study, the flesh of a patient's face was peeled away to demonstrate the superfacial temporal artery. Gated cardiac images show the great vessels and cardiac chambers. A three-dimensional view of the aorta shows an irregular surface in the vicinity of an adrenal tumor. 3D MR exams provide a non-invasive technique for assessing vascular morphology in a clinical setting.     

The effects of crystal structure on optical absorption/photoluminescence of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)zinc

In this paper, the transformation processes of two types of bis(8-hydroxyquinoline)zinc: Znq₂ dihydrate and anhydrous (Znq₂)₄ were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectra (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG). The effects of crystal structure on optical properties of bis(8-hydroxyquinoiline)zinc were analyzed. Znq₂ dihydrate can be transformed into anhydrous (Znq₂)₄ during heating under vacuum. Reversal transformation occurs by the interaction between chloroform and (Znq₂)₄. But (Znq₂)₄ was partially transformed into Znq₂ dihydrate by the interaction between ethanol and (Znq₂)₄. The different molecular structure results in different crystal stacking and electronic structure, thereby affect its optical properties.     

An electron spin resonance study of radical decay in γ-ray irradiated pepper by thermal treatments

Applied Magnetic Resonance - We examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy the thermal decay of radicals as induced by γ-irradiation on pepper. Upon irradiation, the satellite...     

K X-ray production cross sections for 40-180 keV protons

Considering the importance of the X-ray production cross sections for the determination of the element concentrations in a given material, we have measured them experimentally for Al Si, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu bombarded by protons with energies ranging from 40 to 180 keV. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.