Production of Biodiesel via Enzymatic Ethanolysis of the Sunflower and Soybean Oils: Modeling

Biodiesel has become attractive due to its environmental benefits compared with conventional diesel. Although the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel requires low thermal energy, low conversions of enzymatic transesterification with ethanol (ethanolysis) of oils to produce biodiesel are reported as a result of deactivation of the enzyme depending on the reaction conditions. The synthesis of biodiesel via enzymatic ethanolysis of sunflower and soybean oils was investigated. Kinetic parameters for the overall reactions were fitted to experimental data available in the literature with the Ping Pong Bi-Bi mechanism including the inhibition effect of the ethanol on the activity of lipase Novozyme® 435. The model was applied to a batch reactor and the experimental conversions were successfully reproduced. The modeling of a semibatch reactor with continuous addition of ethanol was also performed and the results showed a reduction of roughly 3 h in the reaction time in comparison with the batch-wise operation.     

Precision spectroscopy with individual ions

Individual charged atomic or molecular particles can be confined by electromagnetic fields for nearly unlimited times under well controlled conditions in a small volume in space. This allows performing spectroscopic experiments with unprecedented accuracy. We discuss a project to determine the magnetic moment of the electron bound in hydrogen-like ions with different nuclear charges. This serves for testing bound-state quantum-electrodynamics calculations with high precision. Previous results on C⁵⁺ and O⁷⁺ as well as the present status of the project with Si¹³⁺ and Ca¹⁹⁺ are presented in this contribution and future possibilities are discussed.     

Beweis des Jordanschen Kurvensatzes für den Jordanbogen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

A fluorine scan of non-peptidic inhibitors of neprilysin: Fluorophobic and fluorophilic regions in an enzyme active site

This article describes the synthesis and in vitro biological affinities of (poly)fluorinated neprilysin inhibitors. Two series of inhibitors with F-substitution of the central benzimidazole platform of the ligands and the benzylic vector to fill the S1’ pocket of NEP were investigated. The S1’ pocket was found to be highly fluorophobic, and F-substitution led to significantly decreased binding affinities of inhibitors. This result is explained by electrostatically unfavorable close contacts of organic fluorine with the negatively polarized π-surfaces of surrounding aromatic amino acid side chains. In contrast, the protein environment around the benzimidazole platform, with three electropositive guanidinium side chains of Arg residues, was found to provide a fluorophilic environment. Overall, the data support that organic fluorine, with its high negative charge density prefers to orient into electropositive regions of receptor sites. pK_a measurements of fluorinated ligands provided several simple patterns for the prediction of pK_a values of benzimidazoles, important building blocks in medicinal chemistry.     

Neuere Tendenzen in der Körperfarbenfabrikation

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Hydroxydsysteme in Eisenoxydfarben

Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, da? die durch die Namen B?hme, Hüttig, Simon, Kurnakow und Enk gemachten Beobachtungen bezüglich der Alterungsvorg?nge der Eisenhydroxyde und der Aluminium-Kiesels?urehydratsysteme auch auf die gelben Eisenfarben übertragbar sind und nutzbringend zu deren systematischer Unterscheidung angewandt werden k?nnen. Es wird weiter gezeigt, da? sich auch unter den technischen gelben Eisenfarben amorphe ohne Gitterstruktur (Marsgelb) und kristalline mit Goethitgitter finden (Eisenoxydgelb, Ferritgelb). Es wird ferner gezeigt, da? kalkhaltiges Marsgelb das CaCO₃-Gitter zeigt, und das die das Goethitgitter aufweisende toskanische Terra di Siena durch Kiesels?urehydrat verkittet ist. Weiterhin wird für verwitterten Spateisenstein das Goethitgitter, für Brauneisen aus Glimmer keine Orientierung nachgewiesen. Ein Alterungsschema wird aufgestellt. Die Anwendung der azidoiden, selektiven Farbstoffadsorption zur Teilchenunterscheidung und Kennzeichnung der Ocker wird beschrieben. Der Unterschied zwischen den an amorphen Hydraten reichen deutschen Chemosorptionsockern und den gealterten kaolinitischen franz?sischen Ockern wird dargelegt. Schlie?lich wird auf den Zusammenhang der kolloidchemischen Feststellungen mit den anstrichtechnischen Eigenschaften hingewiesen.