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91.
The shadow of a black hole is usually calculated, either analytically or numerically, on the assumption that the black hole is eternal, i.e., that it has existed for all time. Here we ask the question of how this shadow comes about in the course of time when a black hole is formed by gravitational collapse. To that end we consider a star that is spherically symmetric, dark and non-transparent and we assume that it begins, at some instant of time, to collapse in free fall like a ball of dust. We analytically calculate the dependence on time of the angular radius of the shadow, first for a static observer who is watching the collapse from a certain distance and then for an observer who is falling towards the centre following the collapsing star. 相似文献
92.
Volker Elling 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2016,348(1):27-68
We construct a class of self-similar 2d incompressible Euler solutions that have initial vorticity of mixed sign. The boundaries between regions of positive and negative vorticity form algebraic spirals, similar to the Kaden spiral and as opposed to Prandtl’s logarithmic vortex spirals. Also unlike the Prandtl case, spirals are not initially present. 相似文献
93.
Dr. Maria Książek Dr. Marek Weselski Marcin Kaźmierczak Aleksandra Tołoczko Dr. Miłosz Siczek Dr. Piotr Durlak Dr. Juliusz A. Wolny Prof. Dr. Volker Schünemann Prof. Dr. Joachim Kusz Dr. Robert Bronisz 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(63):14419-14434
Reaction of 1,2-di(tetrazol-2-yl)ethane (ebtz) with Fe(BF4)2⋅6 H2O in different nitriles yields one-dimensional coordination polymers [Fe(ebtz)2(RCN)2](BF4)2⋅nRCN (n=2 for R=CH3 ( 1 ) and n=0 for R=C2H5 ( 2 ) C3H7 ( 3 ), C3H5 ( 4 ), CH2Cl ( 5 )) exhibiting spin crossover (SCO). SCO in 1 and 3 – 5 is complete and occurs above 160 K. In 2 , it is shifted to lower temperatures and is accompanied by wide hysteresis (T1/2↓=78 K, T1/2↑=123 K) and proceeds extremely slowly. Isothermal (80 K) time-resolved single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed a complex nature for the HS→LS transition in 2 . An initial, slow stage is associated with shrinkage of polymeric chains and with reduction of volume at 77 % (in relation to the difference between cell volumes VHS−VLS) whereas only 16 % of iron(II) ions change spin state. In the second stage, an abrupt SCO occurs, associated with breathing of the crystal lattice along the direction of the Fe–nitrile bonds, while the nitriles reorient. HS→LS switching triggered by light (808 nm) reveals the coupling of spin state and nitrile orientation. The importance of this coupling was confirmed by studies of [Fe(ebtz)2(C2H5CN/C3H7CN)2](BF4)2 mixed crystals ( 2 a , 2 b ), showing a shift of T1/2 to higher values and narrowing of the hysteresis loop concomitant with an increase of the fraction of butyronitrile. This increase reduces the capability of nitrile molecules to reorient. Density functional theory (DFT) studies of models of 1 – 5 suggest a particular possibility of 2 to adopt a low (140–145°) value of its Fe-N-C(propionitrile) angle. 相似文献
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95.
The European Physical Journal H - This is a tutorial for the many-worlds theory by Everett, which includes some of my personal views. It has two main parts. The first main part shows the emergence... 相似文献
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97.
Róbert Bordás Volker John Ellen Schmeyer Dominique Thévenin 《Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics》2013,27(3-4):253-271
The droplet size distribution in a turbulent flow field is considered and modeled by means of a population balance system. This paper studies different numerical methods for the 4D population balance equation and their impact on an output of interest, the time-space-averaged droplet size distribution at the outlet, which is known from experiments. These methods include different interpolations of the experimental data at the inlet, various discretizations in time and space, and different schemes for computing the coalescence integrals. It will be shown that noticeable changes in the output of interest might occur. In addition, the computational efficiency of the studied methods is discussed. 相似文献
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An algebraic variational multiscale–multigrid method is proposed for large-eddy simulation of turbulent variable-density flow at low Mach number. Scale-separating operators generated by level-transfer operators from plain aggregation algebraic multigrid methods enable the application of modeling terms to selected scale groups (here, the smaller of the resolved scales) in a purely algebraic way. Thus, for scale separation, no additional discretization besides the basic one is required, in contrast to earlier approaches based on geometric multigrid methods. The proposed method is thoroughly validated via three numerical test cases of increasing complexity: a Rayleigh–Taylor instability, turbulent channel flow with a heated and a cooled wall, and turbulent flow past a backward-facing step with heating. Results obtained with the algebraic variational multiscale–multigrid method are compared to results obtained with residual-based variational multiscale methods as well as reference results from direct numerical simulation, experiments and LES published elsewhere. Particularly, mean and various second-order velocity and temperature results obtained for turbulent channel flow with a heated and a cooled wall indicate the higher prediction quality achievable when adding a small-scale subgrid-viscosity term within the algebraic multigrid framework instead of residual-based terms accounting for the subgrid-scale part of the non-linear convective term. 相似文献