Optical measurement uncertainties due to refractive index mismatch for flow in porous media

Application of optical techniques such as PIV, PTV, and LDA for velocity field estimation in porous media requires matching of refractive indices of the liquid phase to that of the solid matrix, including the channel walls. The methods most commonly employed to match the refractive indices have been to maximize the transmitted intensity through the bed or to rely on direct refractometer measurements of the indices of the two phases. Mismatch of refractive indices leads to error in estimation of particle position, ε _PD, due to refraction at solid–liquid interfaces. Analytical ray tracing applied to a model of solid beads placed randomly along the optical path is used to estimate ε _PD. The model, after validating against experimental results, is used to generate expression for ε _PD as a function of refractive index mismatch for a range of bead diameters, bed widths, bed porosity, and optical magnification. The estimate of ε _PD, which is found to be unbiased, is connected to errors in PIV measurement using the central limit theorem. Mismatch in refractive indices can also lead to reduction in particle density, N _s, detected light flux, J, and degrade the particle image. The model, verified through experiments, is used to predict the reduction in N _s and J, where it is found that particle defocusing caused by spherical beads in refractive index mismatched porous bed is the primary contributor to reductions of N _s and J. In addition, the magnitude of ε _PD is determined for the use of fluorescent dye emission for particle detection due to wavelength-dependent index of refraction.     

Green synthesis of biologically active transition metal nanoparticles containing novel Schiff base via catalyst free hydrothermal reaction: Structural,biological and morphology study

Novel cobalt, nickel and copper complexes were synthesized by regular reflux method and nano sized Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal complexes were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using green solvent at various temperatures without the addition of any capping agent. The structural characterization was done by magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, FT‐IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ESI mass, UV–Visible analysis. The morphology and size of the nano metal complexes were determined using FE‐Scanning electron microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction data and atomic force microscopic techniques. All the spectral and analytical results reveal 1:2 metal to ligand ratios having [ML₂(H₂O)₂] stoichiometry, here M=Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II), L=deprotonated ligand. The non‐electrolytic nature of the compound was confirmed by molar conductance experiment. The synthesized Schiff base and its metal complexes (7, 8 and 9) were tested for their biological activity. All the tested compounds exhibit decent anticancer and DNA cleavage activity and copper complex shows better activity results than other tested compounds.     

Oxidative cyclization of amidoximes and thiohydroximic acids: A facile and efficient strategy for accessing 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and 1,4,2-oxathiazoles

A facile and practical protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-oxadiazoles and 1,4,2-oxathiazoles through oxidative cyclization of amidoximes and thiohydroximic acids, respectively at room temperature. Use of mild reaction conditions, inexpensive reagents, broad substrate scope and good to excellent yield of the products are the salient features of this protocol.     

Catalyst‐Dependent Selectivity in the Relay Catalytic Branching Cascade

The synthesis of small organic molecules as probes for discovering new therapeutic agents has been an important aspect of chemical biology. One of the best ways to access collections of small molecules is to use various techniques in diversity‐oriented synthesis (DOS). Recently, a new form of DOS, namely “relay catalytic branching cascades” (RCBCs), has been introduced, wherein a common type of starting material reacts with several scaffold‐building agents (SBAs) to obtain structurally diverse molecular scaffolds under the influence of catalysts. Herein, the RCBC reaction of a common type of substrate with SBAs is reported to give two different types of molecular scaffolds and their formation is essentially dependent on the type of catalyst used.