Infrared,raman and nmr study of (Ch2CH)3Snx compounds (X = Cl,Br, I)

The infrared, Raman and (¹H, ¹³C) NMR spectra of trivinyltin chloride, bromide and iodide have been analyzed and discussed. The vibrational assignment has been confirmed by an approximate normal coordinate analysis. Evidence has been found for a marked influence of the X substituent on the tin-carbon bond due to isovalent rehybridization. Variations in the π electron system of the vinyl group are hardly significant.     

Heck arylations of pent-4-enoates or allylmalonate using a palladium/tetraphosphine catalyst

The Heck reaction of aryl halides with functionalised alk-1-enes should be a powerful method for the synthesis of functionalised (E)-1-arylalk-1-ene derivatives. The major problem of this reaction is the palladium-catalysed migration of the carbon-carbon double bond along the alkyl chain when there are no substituents on the C3 carbon of the alk-1-enes. We observed that for the arylation of ethyl pent-4-enoate, ethyl 2-methylpent-4-enoate or dimethyl allylmalonate this migration could be partially or completely controlled using appropriate reaction conditions. The ramification on the alkyl chain and the substituents on the aryl halide have also an important influence on this migration. Moreover, the cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane/1/2[PdCl(C₃H₅)]₂ system catalyses this reaction with a wide range of aryl bromides using very high ratio substrate/catalyst in good yields.     

Palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond-forming 1,2-ligand migration of organoalanes

A one-pot, two-step process that transforms terminal alkynes into ethyl methyl-substituted benzylic quaternary carbon centers is described. (E)-2,2-Disubstituted-1-alkenyldimethylalanes have been shown to participate in 1,2-alkyl migration from aluminum to carbon with concomitant arylation at the 2-position to furnish ethyl methyl-substituted benzylic quaternary carbon centers, when reacted intramolecularly with aryl halides and triflates in the presence of a Pd(0) catalyst. The protocol is initiated with Cp2ZrCl2-catalyzed methylalumination of terminal alkynes followed by palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of the resulting (E)-2,2-disubstituted-1-alkenyldimethylalanes, leading to 1,2-methyl shift from aluminum to carbon. In that sequence, a total of three new C-C single bonds are made, and two of the three alkyl groups on Me3Al transferred to the substrate on vicinal carbons. This method was applied to a variety of substrates, and the mechanism was investigated by deuterium-labeling experiments, which revealed that protodealumination of the final dialkylaluminum triflate or halide intermediates by CH3CN results in the formation of the fourth bond in the course of the transformation.     

Detection of banned meat and bone meal in feedstuffs by near-infrared microscopic analysis of the dense sediment fraction

In this paper we present an alternative method for detection of meat and bone meal (MBM) in feedstuffs by near-infrared microscopic (NIRM) analysis of the particles in the sediment fraction (dense fraction (d >1.62) from dichloroethylene) of compound feeds. To apply this method the particles of the sediment fraction are spread on a sample holder and presented to the NIR microscope. By using the pointer of the microscope the infrared beam is focussed on each particle and the NIR spectrum (1112–2500 nm) is collected. This method can be used to detect the presence of MBM at concentrations as low as 0.05% mass fraction. When results from the NIRM method were compared with the classical microscopic method, a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.87 was obtained. The results of this study demonstrated that this method could be proposed as a complementary tool for the detection of banned MBM in feedstuffs by reinforcement of the monitoring of feeds.     

Marangoni Flow Driven Instabilities and Marginal Regeneration

Fingering instabilities in films moving along wetted surfaces, dimpling in horizontal liquid films, and the drainage of vertical soap films by marginal regeneration are caused by surface tension gradients along the perimeter of the thin film. These gradients lead to a mechanical instability which involves Marangoni type liquid flow. It is possible to describe the conditions for the onset of marginal regeneration with a critical number of the ratio between the driving force for the Marangoni flow and the friction of film elements that move relative to their surroundings. This ratio is called the Mysels number. A linear stability analysis leads to a scaling relation lambda approximately h(Ca)(-1/3) between the wavelength lambda of the instability and the capillary number Ca (Ca=/etaV(s)/gamma. In experiments with several Marangoni-driven instabilities this scaling relation has been found; it illustrates the general applicability in the understanding of flow phenomena of this type. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

Determination of minor conformational changes of a doxorubicin-peptide conjugate under chromatographic conditions

Thermodynamic analysis of the reversed-phase retention behavior of a doxorubicin-peptide conjugate demonstrated that the degree of non-linearity observed in Van't Hoff plots was impacted by mobile phase acetonitrile content over the 25-38% acetonitrile (v/v) range tested. Small decreases in the non-polar surface area of the doxorubicin-peptide conjugate as a function of temperature were estimated from these data using linear solvent strength relationships, suggesting that the retention behavior may be the result of minor analyte conformational changes during the chromatographic experiment. This hypothesis was supported via circular dichroism (CD), Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the doxorubicin-peptide conjugate in selected chromatographic mobile phase compositions. The CD and Raman data indicated small changes to the apparent analyte microenvironment as a function of temperature and bulk solvent environment, while 1H NMR studies specifically demonstrated the environmental sensitivity of protons on three non-polar peptide residues and the proximal aromatic region of the analyte. Together, these data suggest that minor changes to the conformational order of the essentially random structure of the doxorubicin-peptide conjugate are sufficient to impact chromatographic performance.     

Fully imidized soluble polyimides based on a novel dianhydride: 2,2′-dichloro-4,4′,5,5′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride

We have synthesized a novel dianhydride, 2,2′-dichloro-4,4′,5,5′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (DCBTDA). Polyimides were synthesized with DCBTDA or 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and several relatively rigid meta- and para- substituted mononuclear diamines. The BTDA based systems were insoluble in dipolar, aprotic solvents whereas the DCBTDA based polymers displayed enhanced solubility in these solvents. The thermal stability of these polyimides was excellent as measured by 5% weight loss decomposition. The T_g's of the polymers were all above 290°C.     

Electrokinetic characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchannels

This paper characterizes the basic electrokinetic phenomena occurring within native poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microchannels. Using simple buffers and current measurements, current density and electroosmosis data were determined in trapezoidal, reversibly sealed PDMS/PDMS and hybrid PDMS/glass channels with a cross-sectional area of 1035.5 microm(2) and about 6 cm length. This data was then compared to that obtained in an air-thermostated 50 microm inner diameter (1963.5 microm(2) cross-sectional area) fused-silica (FS) capillary of 70 cm length. Having a pH 7.8 buffer with an ionic strength (I) of 90 mM, Ohms's law was observed in the microchannels with electric field strengths of up to about 420 V/cm, which is about twice as high as for the FS capillary. The electroosmotic mobility (micro(EO)) in PDMS and FS is shown to exhibit the same general dependences on I and pH. For all configurations tested, the experimentally determined micro(EO) values were found to correlate well with the relationship micro(EO) = a + b log(I), where a and b are coefficients that are determined via nonlinear regression analysis. Electroosmotic fluid pumping in native PDMS also follows a pH dependence that can be estimated with a model based upon the ionization of silanol. Compared to FS, however, the magnitude of the electroosmotic flow in native PDMS is 50-70% smaller over the entire pH range and is difficult to maintain at acidic pH values. Thus, the origin of the negative charge at the inner wall of PDMS, glass, and FS appears to be similar but the density is lower for PDMS than for glass and FS.     

Construction and Borel summability of planar 4-dimensional euclidean field theory

We use the methods of [1] to show that the planar part of the renormalized perturbation theory for ₄ ⁴ -euclidean field theory is Borel-summable on the asymptotically free side of the theory. The Borel sum can therefore be taken as a rigorous definition of theN limit of a massiveN×N matrix model with a +trg ⁴ interaction, hence with wrong sign ofg. Our construction is relevant for a solution of the ultra-violet problem for planar QCD. We also propose a program for studying the structure of the renormalons singularities within the planar world.     

Etude de l'équilibre azido ⇌ tétrazole dans la séric du thiazolo[2,3-e]-tétrazole. III. Effects des substituants

The substituent effects on azido/tetrazole equilibrium on a series of 2-substituted thiazoles, benzothiazoles, thiadiazoles, benzoxazoles and isoxazoles has been studied by proton magnetic resonance in two solvents (DMSO-d₆ and deuteriochloroform). For thiazole an excellent Hammett relationship was found, both for the 4 and 5 positions.