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91.
Environmental and food analysis by desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization‐mass spectrometry
Laura Luosujärvi Sanna Kanerva Ville Saarela Sami Franssila Risto Kostiainen Tapio Kotiaho Tiina J. Kauppila 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》2010,24(9):1343-1350
Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization‐mass spectrometry (DAPPI‐MS) is a versatile surface analysis technique for a wide range of analytes, especially for neutral and non‐polar analytes. Here, a set of analytes typically found in environmental or food samples was analyzed by DAPPI‐MS. The set included five polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one N‐PAH, one brominated flame retardant, and nine pesticides, which were studied with three different spray solvents: acetone and toluene in positive ion mode, and anisole in negative ion mode. The analytes showed [M + H]+, M+?, and [M–H]? ions as well as fragmentation and substitution products. Detection limits for the studied compounds ranged from 30 pg to 1 ng (from 0.14 to 5.6 pmol). To demonstrate the feasibility of the use of DAPPI‐MS two authentic samples – a circuit board and orange peel – and a spiked soil sample were analyzed. Tetrabromobisphenol A, imazalil, and PAHs were observed from the three above‐mentioned samples, respectively. The method is best suited for rapid screening analysis of environmental or food samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
92.
M. Sc. Jukka Hassinen M. Sc. Ville Liljeström Prof. Mauri A. Kostiainen Prof. Robin H. A. Ras 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(27):7990-7993
Cationic gold nanoparticles offer intriguing opportunities as drug carriers and building blocks for self‐assembled systems. Despite major progress on gold nanoparticle research in general, the synthesis of cationic gold particles larger than 5 nm remains a major challenge, although these species would give a significantly larger plasmonic response compared to smaller cationic gold nanoparticles. Herein we present the first reported synthesis of cationic gold nanoparticles with tunable sizes between 8–20 nm, prepared by a rapid two‐step phase‐transfer protocol starting from simple citrate‐capped particles. These cationic particles form ordered self‐assembled structures with negatively charged biological components through electrostatic interactions. 相似文献
93.
Nicolaou KC Safina BS Zak M Lee SH Nevalainen M Bella M Estrada AA Funke C Zécri FJ Bulat S 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2005,127(31):11159-11175
The first phase of the total synthesis of thiostrepton (1), a highly complex thiopeptide antibiotic, is described. After a brief introduction to the target molecule and its structural motifs, it is shown that retrosynthetic analysis of thiostrepton reveals compounds 23, 24, 26, 28, and 29 as potential key building blocks for the projected total synthesis. Concise and stereoselective constructions of all these intermediates are then described. The synthesis of the dehydropiperidine core 28 was based on a biosynthetically inspired aza-Diels-Alder dimerization of an appropriate azadiene system, an approach that was initially plagued with several problems which were, however, resolved satisfactorily by systematic investigations. The quinaldic acid fragment 24 and the thiazoline-thiazole segment 26 were synthesized by a series of reactions that included asymmetric and other stereoselective processes. The dehydroalanine tail precursor 23 and the alanine equivalent 29 were also prepared from the appropriate amino acids. Finally, a method was developed for the direct coupling of the labile dehydropiperidine key building block 28 to the more advanced and stable peptide intermediate 27 through capture with the highly reactive alanine equivalent 67 under conditions that avoided the initially encountered destructive ring contraction process. 相似文献
94.
95.
Ville Arpiainen 《Surface science》2005,584(1):27-34
The electronic structure of GaAs(1 1 0) surface is analyzed using Density Functional Theory (DFT-GGA) in atomic orbital basis (LCAO). The surface orbitals and the corresponding local density of electronic states (LDOS) are calculated for purposes of interpreting STM images. We show how local atomic orbitals of surface atoms are related to tunneling channels for electrons in STM imaging. A destructive interference between orbitals of two neighbouring atoms increases the contrast between the two atoms, and this is reflected in directionality of STM patterns of GaAs(1 1 0) surfaces. We also discuss how the basic formalism of Tersoff-Hamann approach to STM simulation can be reformulated to reveal the role of phase difference between tunneling channels. 相似文献
96.
Ville Saarimaa Jere Manni Esko Kauppinen Antti Markkula Jyrki Juhanoja Bengt‐Johan Skrifvars 《Surface and interface analysis : SIA》2014,46(9):620-624
Hexavalent chromium containing pretreatments and primers for coil coating are soon to be entirely prohibited, which sets new demands for Cr‐free alternatives. Most of the presently used Cr‐free pretreatment layers operate predominantly via barrier formation and adhesion promotion mechanisms and lack the self‐healing effect typical for Cr6+‐pretreatments. This sets new demands also for the formation and monitoring of these layers. The barrier thickness and chemical composition of Cr‐free pretreatment layers on hot dip galvanized steel were studied using cross sections from broad ion beam (BIB) sample preparation and ultramicrotome cutting. BIB milling provided finely polished cross sections of pretreated samples. Film thicknesses of 20–50 nm were accurately determined for Cr‐free pretreatments containing 4–10 mg Ti/m2 using BIB milling and scanning electron microscopy imaging. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, integrated with aberration correctors and X‐ray energy dispersive spectrometry, of an ultramicrotome cut pretreated and painted samples provided detailed chemical information. Metal complexes were detected close to the pretreatment/zinc interface, while the polymeric part of the pretreatment layer prevailed closer to paint. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
97.
Ultrafast Two‐Dimensional NMR Relaxometry for Investigating Molecular Processes in Real Time 下载免费PDF全文
Nuclear spin–lattice (T1) and spin–spin (T2) relaxation times provide versatile information about the dynamics and structure of substances, such as proteins, polymers, porous media, and so forth. Multidimensional experiments increase the information content and resolution of NMR relaxometry, but they also multiply the measurement time. To overcome this issue, we present an efficient strategy for a single‐scan measurement of a 2D T1–T2 correlation map. The method shortens the experimental time by one to three orders of magnitude as compared to the conventional method, offering an unprecedented opportunity to study molecular processes in real‐time. We demonstrate that, despite the tremendous speed‐up, the T1–T2 correlation maps determined by the single‐scan method are in good agreement with the maps measured by the conventional method. The concept of the single‐scan T1–T2 correlation experiment is applicable to a broad range of other multidimensional relaxation and diffusion experiments. 相似文献
98.
James R. Wootton Ville Lahtinen Benoit Doucot Jiannis K. Pachos 《Annals of Physics》2011,(9):2307-2314
In three spatial dimensions, particles are limited to either bosonic or fermionic statistics. Two-dimensional systems, on the other hand, can support anyonic quasiparticles exhibiting richer statistical behaviors. An exciting proposal for quantum computation is to employ anyonic statistics to manipulate information. Since such statistical evolutions depend only on topological characteristics, the resulting computation is intrinsically resilient to errors. The so-called non-Abelian anyons are most promising for quantum computation, but their physical realization may prove to be complex. Abelian anyons, however, are easier to understand theoretically and realize experimentally. Here we show that complex topological memories inspired by non-Abelian anyons can be engineered in Abelian models. We explicitly demonstrate the control procedures for the encoding and manipulation of quantum information in specific lattice models that can be implemented in the laboratory. This bridges the gap between requirements for anyonic quantum computation and the potential of state-of-the-art technology. 相似文献
99.
Ville Hakulinen 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2003,235(1):1-45
We prove estimates for the stationary state n-point functions at zero molecular diffusivity in the Kraichnan model [13]. This is done by proving upper bounds for the heat
kernels and Green's functions of the degenerate elliptic operators M
n
that occur in the Hopf equations for the n-point functions.
Received: 25 August 2001 / Accepted: 30 September 2002 Published online: 20 January 2003
Communicated by A. Kupiainen 相似文献
100.