Keto-enol tautomerism of 4-hydroxy-3-phenyl-2-(2-chloroacetamidophenyl)-1-isoquinolone

Three crystalline modifications of the N-chloroacetyl derivative were obtained in the chloroacetylation of 2-(2-aminophenyl)-4-hydroxy-3-phenyl-1-isoquinolone. It was established by IR spectroscopy that they differ with respect to isomeric composition and the character of the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. For the first time, both keto-enol tautomeric forms were isolated in individual form in the 4-hydroxy-1-isoquinolone series.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 542–543, April, 1985.     

Generalized Complex Spherical Harmonics, Frame Functions, and Gleason Theorem

Consider a finite dimensional complex Hilbert space ${\mathcal{H}}$ , with ${dim(\mathcal{H}) \geq 3}$ , define ${\mathbb{S}(\mathcal{H}):= \{x\in \mathcal{H} \:|\: \|x\|=1\}}$ , and let ${\nu_\mathcal{H}}$ be the unique regular Borel positive measure invariant under the action of the unitary operators in ${\mathcal{H}}$ , with ${\nu_\mathcal{H}(\mathbb{S}(\mathcal{H}))=1}$ . We prove that if a complex frame function ${f : \mathbb{S}(\mathcal{H})\to \mathbb{C}}$ satisfies ${f \in \mathbb{L}^2(\mathbb{S}(\mathcal{H}), \nu_\mathcal{H})}$ , then it verifies Gleason’s statement: there is a unique linear operator ${A: \mathcal{H} \to \mathcal{H}}$ such that ${f(u) = \langle u| A u\rangle}$ for every ${u \in \mathbb{S}(\mathcal{H}).\,A}$ is Hermitean when f is real. No boundedness requirement is thus assumed on f a priori.     

Analytic Dependence is an Unnecessary Requirement in Renormalization of Locally Covariant QFT

Finite renormalization freedom in locally covariant quantum field theories on curved spacetime is known to be tightly constrained, under certain standard hypotheses, to the same terms as in flat spacetime up to finitely many curvature dependent terms. These hypotheses include, in particular, locality, covariance, scaling, microlocal regularity and continuous and analytic dependence on the metric and coupling parameters. The analytic dependence hypothesis is somewhat unnatural, because it requires that locally covariant observables (which are simultaneously defined on all spacetimes) depend continuously on an arbitrary metric, with the dependence strengthened to analytic on analytic metrics. Moreover the fact that analytic metrics are globally rigid makes the implementation of this requirement at the level of local \({*}\)-algebras of observables rather technically cumbersome. We show that the conditions of locality, covariance, scaling and a naturally strengthened microlocal spectral condition, are actually sufficient to constrain the allowed finite renormalizations equally strongly, thus eliminating both the continuity and the somewhat unnatural analyticity hypotheses. The key step in the proof uses the Peetre–Slovák theorem on the characterization of (in general non-linear) differential operators by their locality and regularity properties.     

Motion of a Ferrofluid in a Periodic Magnetic Field due to Surface Deformation

The article considers a plane flow of an incompressible, viscous magnetizable fluid. Cause of the flow is an alternating magnetic field, which consequently affects the free surface to periodical deformation. The proof of a peristaltic material transport is desired. The STOKES approximation for creeping flows and the two-dimensional continuity equation serve for governing equations. The methods used include power series expansion with regard to the small ratio of ε perturbed and unperturbed fraction of the magnetic field. The analytical result is discussed with regard to functional parameters. (© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

“Tunnelling” Black-Hole Radiation with ϕ 3 Self-Interaction: One-Loop Computation for Rindler Killing Horizons

Tunnelling processes through black hole horizons have recently been investigated in the framework of WKB theory discovering interesting interplay with the Hawking radiation. A more precise and general account of that phenomenon has been subsequently given within the framework of QFT in curved spacetime by two of the authors of the present paper. In particular, it has been shown that, in the limit of sharp localization on opposite sides of a Killing horizon, the quantum correlation functions of a scalar field appear to have thermal nature, and the tunnelling probability is proportional to exp{?β _Hawking E}. This local result is valid in every spacetime including a local Killing horizon, no field equation is necessary, while a suitable choice for the quantum state is relevant. Indeed, the two-point function has to verify a short-distance condition weaker than the Hadamard one. In this paper we consider a massive scalar quantum field with a ? ³ self-interaction and we investigate the issue whether or not the black hole radiation can be handled at perturbative level, including the renormalisation contributions. We prove that, for the simplest model of the Killing horizon generated by the boost in Minkowski spacetime, and referring to Minkowski vacuum, the tunnelling probability in the limit of sharp localization on opposite sides of the horizon preserves the thermal form proportional to exp{?β _H E} even taking the one-loop renormalisation corrections into account. A similar result is expected to hold for the Unruh state in the Kruskal manifold, since that state is Hadamard and looks like Minkowski vacuum close to the horizon.     

670 nm Red Light Preconditioning Supports Müller Cell Function: Evidence from the White Light‐induced Damage Model in the Rat Retina†

Glial cells play an important role in the maintenance of normal structure and function of the neural components of the central nervous system. The Müller cells are one of the macroglial elements in the retina and their wide‐ranging roles are responsible for the protection and proper functioning of the photoreceptors. In the present study, we aimed to test the effects of pretreatment with 670 nm red light on Müller cells in the light‐induced model of retinal degeneration. Adult Sprague–Dawley albino rats were treated with 670 nm red light, from an LED source prior to exposure to bright (1000 lux) continuous light for 24 h. Müller cell‐specific markers were used to assess structural and functional changes in this cell type 1 week after contact with damaging light. Changes in gene (Edn2, LIF, TNF‐α) and protein (S100β, Vimentin, LIF, iNOS, GS, Cyclin‐D1) levels and localization were evaluated using RT‐qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that 670 nm light pretreatment ameliorates the light‐induced alterations in the expression of Müller‐cell specific markers for structure, stress, metabolism and inflammation. This suggests that 670 nm light preconditioning may promote neuroprotective effects in the retina from light‐induced damage, possibly through pathways regulating the roles of Müller cells in maintaining retinal homeostasis.     

Optimizing the DMFC operating conditions using a response surface method

The power density of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) as a function of temperature, methanol concentration, air flow rate, methanol flow rate and air relative humidity was studied using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). For a DMFC equipped with a membrane of Nafion 112, it was observed that only the temperature, methanol concentration and air flow rate were relevant factors or operating variables. A new design of experiments was done for a narrower range of these variables and the operating values that optimise the power density were obtained using the software JMP 7.0 (SAS). The predicted power density values were in agreement with the experimental results obtained for the optimized operating conditions. Then, the RSM was applied to membranes with different thicknesses, Nafion 112, Nafion 1135 and Nafion 117, and as a function of the temperature and methanol concentration. The DMFC was characterized for the open circuit voltage (OCV), methanol crossover at the OC, power density and global efficiency. The membrane showing the best compromise between power density and efficiency was Nafion 117.