Unexpected synthesis of a novel heterocyclic system – (7E,10aE)-2,7-Dimethylfuro[3′,4′:6,7]cycloocta[1,2,3-cd]indole-8,10(2H,6H)-dione

The first derivative of a novel heterocyclic system, (7E,10aE)-2,7-dimethylfuro[3′,4′:6,7]-cycloocta[1,2,3-cd]indole-8,10(2H,6H)-dione, was synthesized based on the Stobbe condensation of 3-chloro-1-methylindole-2-carbaldehyde with diethyl isopropylidenesuccinate. Cyclization of the 2-indolyl-containing diacid, formed by subsequent hydrolysis of the condensation product, did not lead to the expected fulgide, but rather to an unprecedented tetracyclic compound, the structure of which was established by ¹H, ¹³C NMR, IR spectroscopy, mass-spectrometry and single crystal X-ray diffraction.     

FMR fine structure – A tool to investigate the spatial magnetic phase separation phenomena in manganites

An original approach is proposed to study the magnetic phase separation phenomenon. It is based on the registration of the noise‐like FMR Fine Structure (FMR FS) caused by the magnetic interparticle dipole–dipole interaction between spatially separated ferromagnetic regions. Data obtained for a La_0.7Pb_0.3MnO₃ single crystal point to the existence of spatially separated ferromagnetic regions. It is shown that FMR FS of the La_0.7Pb_0.3MnO₃ single crystal is temperature reversible and disappears at the maximum of magnetoresistance.

     

Reorganization of intramolecular high frequency vibrational modes and dynamic solvent effect in electron transfer reactions

The possibility of the multichannel stochastic model to adequately describe all principal regularities observed in thermal electron transfer kinetics has been demonstrated. The most important are as follows: (i) the model predicts the solvent controlled regime in the Marcus normal region and its almost full suppression in the Marcus inverted region as well as a continuous transition between them in the vicinity of the activationless region; (ii) the suppression of dynamic solvent effect (DSE) is principally caused by the reorganization of high frequency vibrational modes; (iii) an additional factor of the DSE suppression stems from fast solvent relaxation component; (iv) in the inverted region, the multichannel stochastic model predicts the apparent activation energy to be much less than that calculated with Marcus equation. The exploration of the multichannel stochastic model has allowed one to conclude that the reorganization of high frequency vibrational modes can (i) raise the maximum rate constant above the solvent controlled limit by 2 and more orders of magnitude, (ii) shift the rate constant maximum to larger values of the free energy gap, and (iii) approach the electron transfer kinetics to the nonadiabatic regime.     

The silver-oxygen system in catalysis: new insights by near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We addressed the interaction of oxygen with silver by synchrotron based near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at temperatures relevant for industrial oxidation reactions performed with silver catalysts. For silver single crystals, polycrystalline foils and powders in equilibrium with gas phase O(2), we observed the dynamics of the formation of five different atomic oxygen species with relative abundances depending on the temperature and time. Correlation of their formation kinetics with spectroscopic features and thermal stability indicates that these are distinct species with different electronic structures, which might relate to the different roles of silver in oxidation reactions.     

Existence of a solution to the inhomogeneous equation with the one-dimensional Schr?dinger operator in the space of quickly decreasing functions

We prove the theorem of existence of a solution to the inhomogeneous equation with the one-dimensional Schr?dinger operator in the space of quickly decreasing functions arising in the theory of asymptotic solutions to singularly perturbed partial differential equations.     

Wheat Germ Spermidine and Clove Eugenol in Combination Stimulate Autophagy In Vitro Showing Potential in Supporting the Immune System against Viral Infections

Impaired autophagy, responsible for increased inflammation, constitutes a risk factor for the more severe COVID-19 outcomes. Spermidine (SPD) is a known autophagy modulator and supplementation for COVID-19 risk groups (including the elderly) is recommended. However, information on the modulatory effects of eugenol (EUG) is scarce. Therefore, the effects of SPD and EUG, both singularly and in combination, on autophagy were investigated using different cell lines (HBEpiC, SHSY5Y, HUVEC, Caco-2, L929 and U937). SPD (0.3 mM), EUG (0.2 mM) and 0.3 mM SPD + 0.2 mM EUG, significantly increased autophagy using the hallmark measure of LC3-II protein accumulation in the cell lines without cytotoxic effects. Using Caco-2 cells as a model, several crucial autophagy proteins were upregulated at all stages of autophagic flux in response to the treatments. This effect was verified by the activation/differentiation and migration of U937 monocytes in a three-dimensional reconstituted intestinal model (Caco-2, L929 and U937 cells). Comparable benefits of SPD, EUG and SPD + EUG in inducing autophagy were shown by the protection of Caco-2 and L929 cells against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation. SPD + EUG is an innovative dual therapy capable of stimulating autophagy and reducing inflammation in vitro and could show promise for COVID-19 risk groups.     

Layered Double Hydroxides as the Unique Product of Target Ionic Construction for Energy,Chemical, Foods,Cosmetics, Medicine and Ecology Applications

Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) is an α-modification of the M-host (M²⁺) hydroxide, in which some part of the M-host cations is replaced by M-guest cations (M³⁺ or M⁴⁺). The emerging excess positive charge is compensated by the intercalation of anions into the interlayer space, which also contains water molecules. LDHs exhibit anion exchange properties. Targeted ionic design of LDHs via combining three components (M-host, M-guest cations, intercalated anions) allows the creation of a very wide range of highly efficient electrochemical, electrocatalytic, electrochromic substances, catalysts, ion exchangers, sorbents, color pigments, pharmacological drugs, food, and cosmetic additives. In this review, the structure and areas of application of LDHs are considered from the perspective of the targeted ionic design of a substance for a specific application.     

Level Sets of the Value Function in Differential Games with Two Pursuers and One Evader. Interval Analysis Interpretation

An algorithm for numerical constructing level sets of the value function is shortly described for one class of linear differential games with fixed termination instant. Some model interception problems with one target and two interceptors are considered; all objects are weak maneuverable.