Gas jets in fluidized beds: The influence of particle size,shape and density on gas and solids entrainment

Gas has been injected in two-dimensional fluidized beds of solids different in size, density and shape. The ranges of solids sizes and bed heights were such as to produce relatively steady permanent jets.The mechanics of dispersion of these jets has been studied measuring jet angles, jet gas and solids velocity profiles, and particle entrainment velocities. The proportions of total mass and momentum flowrates pertaining to gas and solids have been calculated from these data.     

Ring and axis mode lasing in quasi-stadium laser diodes with concentric end mirrors

We fabricated quasi-stadium laser diodes whose resonators consist of two concentric curved end mirrors and two straight sidewall mirrors. We observed two lasing modes that correspond to different beam propagations along the cavity axis and along a ring trajectory, and different far-field patterns with wide angular separation. The modes can be selected by control of an electrode pattern. We also show that the far-field patterns numerically obtained by the extended Fox-Li mode calculation method are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Phyllanthoside-Phyllanthostatin synthetic studies. 6. An augmented spiroketalization tactic for the total synthesis of phyllanthocin

An enhanced spiroketalization maneuver permitting equilibration at both the C(8) and C(11) centers of spiroketals 17a,b leads to a more concise and efficient synthesis of phyllanthocin (i.e., 21 steps, 5.6% overall yield).     

Gas-phase deprotonation of arylalkylamines. A collision-induced dissociation study

The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of deprotonated arylalkylamines of general formula R(1)C(6)H(4)CHR(2)CH(2)NR(3)(2) (where R(1) = H, OH, F or NO(2); R(2) = H or OH; R(3) = H or CH(3)) generated by negative chemical ionization with H(2)O and D(2)O as ionizing reagents, is discussed. The negative chemical ionization mass spectra show that, in the absence of a hydroxy group in the aromatic ring, deprotonation takes place at the benzylic position whereas the proton is lost from the OH group when present. The nitro compound forms only M(-.) ions. The CID spectra of the deprotonated molecules show that fragmentations are strongly dependent on the structural features of the molecules, namely the presence or absence of substituents in the aromatic ring or aliphatic chain. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Isolation of NO(3)(-)-N as 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol (Sudan-1) for measurement of delta(15)N

The conversion of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) to 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol (Sudan-1) has been examined as a method for natural abundance measurement of delta(15)N of NO(3)(-). The reaction results in dilution of NO(3)(-)-N with only one reagent-derived N and the product is readily concentrated from dilute samples by reverse phase chromatography. There is systematic isotopic fractionation during the reaction, but this can be allowed for by analysing known NO(3)(-) standards along with each sample set. Sudan-1 prepared from surface water samples containing approximately 50 &mgr;g NO(3)(-)-N can be analysed by automated continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry with a precision of 0.2 per thousand (one standard deviation) and the accuracy is not affected by interference from other nitrogenous species in the sample or reagents. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Reusable Pd@PEG Catalyst for Aerobic Dehydrogenative C−H/C−H Arylations of 1,2,3-Triazoles

Dehydrogenative C−H arylations of 1,2,3-triazoles were accomplished with the aid of a reusable palladium catalyst in PEG. The widely applicable oxidative palladium catalysis enabled the synthesis of fully decorated 1,2,3-triazoles with a broad functional-group tolerance and ample substrate scope. The sustainability of the aerobic C−H arylation was reflected by the use of PEG as green reaction medium and demonstrated by recycling studies of the catalyst and the reaction medium.     

Application of WDXRF in the provenance studies of Persian haft rang tiles: a statistical approach

An outstanding style of Persian tilework, which emerged from the north‐eastern Iran in the 15th century, was extensively used for decorating architectural facades during the Safavid period (from the 16th through the 18th century). This type of tilework, the so‐called haft rang, technically comprises of forming a clay body and firing two glazed layers on top of the body. In the present paper, the first analytical data concerning haft rang tiles is provided. To do so, forty three samples of Safavid haft rang bodies were analysed by wavelength dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) and the obtained data were handled by principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the 17th century haft rang tiles wherever found are local products; that is, Safavid tile‐makers have used local clay sources to make the bodies of haft rang tiles. The analytical data also showed that old tileworks, in general sense, can be simply replaced by newly manufactured tiles or, at least, all tilework revetments in an individual edifice might not have been produced in an identical workshop. Moreover, WDXRF was used as an accurate and precise method to determine the chemical composition and to support compositional classification in provenance studies and can be considered as a reliable alternative for studying the provenance of archaeological ceramics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

β-Nitroacrylates as key starting materials for the one-pot synthesis of densely functionalized penta-substituted anilines

The reaction of ylidene malononitriles with β-nitroacrylates, in Et₃N/MeCN, affords the one-pot synthesis of a new class of penta-substituted, densely functionalized anilines in satisfactory to good overall yields. The method represents a very important improvement of the recent strategy for the preparation of anilines from conjugated nitroalkenes.