全文获取类型
收费全文 | 8642篇 |
免费 | 188篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 4990篇 |
晶体学 | 105篇 |
力学 | 172篇 |
综合类 | 1篇 |
数学 | 926篇 |
物理学 | 2651篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 105篇 |
2019年 | 76篇 |
2018年 | 66篇 |
2016年 | 126篇 |
2015年 | 119篇 |
2014年 | 132篇 |
2013年 | 222篇 |
2012年 | 254篇 |
2011年 | 347篇 |
2010年 | 205篇 |
2009年 | 181篇 |
2008年 | 277篇 |
2007年 | 293篇 |
2006年 | 303篇 |
2005年 | 272篇 |
2004年 | 270篇 |
2003年 | 238篇 |
2002年 | 209篇 |
2001年 | 187篇 |
2000年 | 183篇 |
1999年 | 139篇 |
1998年 | 116篇 |
1997年 | 117篇 |
1996年 | 150篇 |
1995年 | 142篇 |
1994年 | 143篇 |
1993年 | 149篇 |
1992年 | 162篇 |
1991年 | 120篇 |
1990年 | 106篇 |
1989年 | 105篇 |
1988年 | 121篇 |
1987年 | 123篇 |
1986年 | 109篇 |
1985年 | 106篇 |
1984年 | 90篇 |
1983年 | 94篇 |
1982年 | 102篇 |
1981年 | 116篇 |
1980年 | 92篇 |
1979年 | 106篇 |
1978年 | 112篇 |
1977年 | 93篇 |
1976年 | 88篇 |
1975年 | 77篇 |
1974年 | 79篇 |
1973年 | 99篇 |
1971年 | 62篇 |
1968年 | 56篇 |
1956年 | 57篇 |
排序方式: 共有8845条查询结果,搜索用时 46 毫秒
991.
Addition of a viscoelastic material based on silanols cured by boron oxide was used to delay sharkskin and stick–slip instabilities
in extrusion of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Delay of flow instabilities to rates of extrusion 25–35 times higher
than without additive and about 40% less extrusion pressure at the same throughput are achieved by the use of this material
as an additive (∼0.1%) to LLDPE or as a coating of the extrusion die. Mechanical properties of the lubricant were changed
by small variations of composition to investigate the impact of elasticity on lubrication and sharkskin delay. Both lubrication
and sharkskin delay were considerably improved when more elastic lubricants were used while the chemical composition of the
lubricants was nearly the same. Filling the lubricants with powders of metal oxides or especially particulates having plate-like
particles (kaolin, mica, BN) helped to delay the flow instabilities further to even higher throughputs. Together with experimental
results, we present a tentative explanation for the importance of elasticity of polymer processing aids in the delay of sharkskin
and the stabilization of slip.
This paper was presented at Annual European Rheology Conference (AERC) held in Hersonisos, Crete, Greece, April 27–29, 2006. 相似文献
992.
The structure of the flow behind wings with finite span (3D) is significantly more complex than the flow behind infinite span (2D) wings. It has been shown that the presence of wingtip vortices behind finite span wings significantly modifies the geometry of the wake flow. It is felt that this modification alters the dynamics of interaction between leading and trailing edge vorticity in a manner that affects the ability of 2D flapping wings to produce thrust. A model of the mean flow skeleton has been proposed from qualitative flow visualization experiments. An unambiguous quantitative representation of the actual flow is required for comparison to the proposed model. To accomplish this the full 3D 3C velocity is required in the volume behind the 3D flapping wing. It is proposed to use stereoscopic multigrid digital particle image velocimetry (SMDPIV) measurements to investigate this unsteady oscillatory flow. This paper reports preliminary SMDPIV measurements along the plane of a symmetrical NACA-profile wing at a Strouhal number of 0.35. Phase averaged measurements are used to investigate the complex flow topology and the influence of the forcing flow on the evolution of the large scale structure of a jet-flow. This paper focuses on optimizing the SMDPIV experimental methodology applied to liquid flows. By refining the 2D 3C technique, the 3D topology of the flow can be investigated with a high degree of accuracy and repeatability. Preliminary results show that the flow is characterized by two pairs of coherent structures of positive and negative vorticity. The arrangement of these structures in the flow is controlled by the motion of the wing. Vorticity of opposite rotation is shed at the extreme heave and pitch positions of the aerofoil to set up a thrust indicative vortex street in support of the suggested topological model. 相似文献
993.
Milton J. KiefelPradeep Chopra Paul D. MadgeAlex Szyczew Robin J. ThomsonI. Darren Grice Mark von Itzstein 《Tetrahedron letters》2011,52(1):98-100
Sialic acids are 9-carbon acidic sugars involved in a number of important biological processes and human diseases. As part of our ongoing interest in the development of novel sialic acids as biological probes, we have developed an efficient and simple synthesis of C-9 oxidised sialic acid derivatives. The key oxidative step involves the use of TEMPO under carefully controlled aqueous pH conditions. 相似文献
994.
995.
Movement is intrinsic to life. Biologists have established that most forms of directed nanoscopic, microscopic and, ultimately, macroscopic movements are powered by molecular motors from the dynein, myosin and kinesin superfamilies. These motor proteins literally walk, step by step, along polymeric filaments, carrying out essential tasks such as organelle transport. In the last few years biological molecular walkers have inspired the development of artificial systems that mimic aspects of their dynamics. Several DNA-based molecular walkers have been synthesised and shown to walk directionally along a track upon sequential addition of appropriate chemical fuels. In other studies, autonomous operation--i.e. DNA-walker migration that continues as long as a complex DNA fuel is present--has been demonstrated and sophisticated tasks performed, such as moving gold nanoparticles from place-to-place and assistance in sequential chemical synthesis. Small-molecule systems, an order of magnitude smaller in each dimension and 1000× smaller in molecular weight than biological motor proteins or the walker systems constructed from DNA, have also been designed and operated such that molecular fragments can be progressively transported directionally along short molecular tracks. The small-molecule systems can be powered by light or chemical fuels. In this critical review the biological motor proteins from the kinesin, myosin and dynein families are analysed as systems from which the designers of synthetic systems can learn, ratchet concepts for transporting Brownian substrates are discussed as the mechanisms by which molecular motors need to operate, and the progress made with synthetic DNA and small-molecule walker systems reviewed (142 references). 相似文献
996.
DeCoste JB Glover TG Mogilevsky G Peterson GW Wagner GW 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(15):9458-9464
A novel technique for determining the relative accessibility and reactivity of basic surface hydroxyl sites by reacting various zirconium(IV) hydroxide materials with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) and characterizing the resulting material using (19)F magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. Studied here are three zirconium hydroxide samples, two unperturbed commercial materials, and one commercial material that is crushed by a pellet press. Factors, such as the ratio of bridging/terminal hydroxyls, surface area, and pore size distribution, are examined and found to affect the ability of the zirconium(IV) hydroxide to react with TFE. X-ray diffraction, nitrogen isotherms, and (1)H MAS NMR were used to characterize the unperturbed materials, while thermogravitric analysis with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry along with the (19)F MAS NMR were used to characterize the materials that were reacted with TFE. Zirconium hydroxide materials with a high surface area and a low bridging/terminal hydroxyl ratio were found to react TFE in the greatest amounts. 相似文献
997.
Aumsuwan N Ye SH Wagner WR Urban MW 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(17):11106-11110
These studies demonstrate a new approach of producing multifunctionalized coatings on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surfaces by covalent attachments of multilayers (CAM) of heparin (HP) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). This process can be universally applied to other covalently bonded species and was facilitated by microwave plasma reactions in the presence of maleic anhydride which, upon ring-opening and hydrolysis, provided covalent attachment of COOH groups to PTFE. These studies showed that alternating layers of PEG and HP can be covalently attached to COOH-PTFE surfaces, and the volume concentration and surface density of PEG and HP on the PTFE surface achieved by the CAM were 7.02-6.04 × 10(-3) g/cm(3) (2.1-1.8 × 10(-7) g/cm(2)) and 9.3-8.7 × 10(-3) g/cm(3) (2.8-2.6 × 10(-7) g/cm(2)), respectively. The CAM process may serve numerous applications when the covalent modification of inert polymeric substrates is required and particularly where the presence of bioactive species for biocompatibility enhancement is desirable. 相似文献
998.
Perino A Schmutz M Meunier S Mésini PJ Wagner A 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(19):12149-12155
We synthesized new amphiphiles comprised of a single diacetylenic chain and an oligoethylenoxide polar chain linked by an amide bond. In aqueous medium, they are not soluble at room temperature but form weak gels. Electron microscopy studies have shown that they self-assemble into helical tapes or nanotubes with lengths of several micrometers, and inner and outer diameters of 50 ± 1 and 59 ± 1 nm, respectively. The wall has a thickness of 10 ± 1 nm for both kinds of objects and has an amphiphile bilayer structure. The hydrophobic chains are ordered, and the amide groups are linked with each other by H-bonds. The dissociation of the tubes is a first-order transition with an enthalpy of ca. 40 kJ mol(-1). The nanotubes were photopolymerized to yield purple solutions consisting of helical tapes and almost flat ribbons. The polymers exhibit irreversible thermochromism upon heating. 相似文献
999.
Wagner K Cheng P Vezenov D 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(8):4635-4644
This paper describes a noncontact calibration procedure for lateral force microscopy in air and liquids. The procedure is based on the observation that the sensitivity of a force microscope may be calibrated using the raw thermal noise spectrum of the cantilever and its known spring constant, which can be found from the same uncalibrated thermal noise spectrum using Sader's method (Rev. Sci. Instrum.1999, 70, 3967-3969). In addition to the power spectrum of the cantilever thermal noise, this noncontact calibration method only requires knowledge of the plan view dimensions of the cantilever that could be measured using an optical microscope. This method is suitable for in situ force calibration even in viscous fluids through a two-step calibration procedure, where the cantilever thermal spectra are captured both in air and in the desired liquid. The lateral calibration performed with the thermal noise technique agrees well with sensitivity values obtained by the wedge calibration procedure. The approach examined in this paper allows for complete calibration of normal and lateral forces without contacting the surface, eliminating the possibility for any tip damage or contamination during calibration. 相似文献
1000.
The aqueous solution behavior of polyethyleneimine (a synthetic cationic polymer) in the presence of anions with two or more electrical charges (citrate, phosphate, sulphate, malate, malonate and succinate) was studied by means of turbidimetry and light scattering. Polyethyleneimine forms non-soluble complexes with these anions, which behave as a pseudo-polyampholyte with an isoelectrical pH value dependent on the type of anion. The effect of pH, polymer concentration and ionic strength on the non-soluble complexes formation was examined. The complex precipitation pH range was between 3.5 and 8.0 and also depended on the type of anion. The complex formation was inhibited by the ionic strength in agreement with the electrostatic mechanism of the non-soluble complex formation. Model proteins with isoelectric pH from 1 to 10 were assayed in orden to be precipitated by these complexes. It was found that the non-soluble polyethyleneimine-anion complexes have the property to precipitate macromolecules charged with an opposite electrical charge. 相似文献