Thermokapillare Grenzflächenkonvektion an Gasblasen in einem Temperaturgradientenfeld

Kurzfassung Bei freien Grenzflächen spielt die thermokapillare Konvektion eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle auf den Wärmetransport. In zwei Experimenten wird deren Einfluß aufgezeigt. In Silikonölen verschiedener Viskosität mit thermisch stabiler Schichtung werden Luftblasen eingebracht und das durch die thermokapillaren Kräfte gegen den Auftrieb erzeugte Geschwindigkeitsfeld vermessen. In einem zweiten Experiment wird die Erhöhung des Wärmeübergangs durch eine Luftblase an einem beheizten Draht gemessen. Trotz kleiner Berührungsfläche kann der Wärmeübergang gegenüber dem Draht ohne Blase verdoppelt werden, was der zusätzlichen Marangoni-Konvektion zuzuschreiben ist. In Wasser wurde dieser Effekt nicht beobachtet, hier wurde durch die Luftblase der Wärmeübergang um 30% reduziert.

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Thermocapillary convection on gasbubbles caused by temperature gradients

The thermocapillary convection on free surfaces is an important mechanism for heat transfer, it is demonstrated in two experiments. Silicon-oil of various viscosity is used as experimental liquid. In the thermal stable stratified liquid air bubbles were injected. Around the bubbles velocity profiles, induced by the thermocapillary force against the buoyancy force were measured. In the second experiment the enhancement of heat transfer induced by air bubbles touching a heated wire is investigated in various liquids. In spite of the small contact area between the bubble and the wire the increase of heat transfer was more than twice of the wire without bubble which is attributed to the Marangoni convection. Using water this enhancement could not be observed. At the bubble the free convection from the wire was hindered and the heat reduced by 30%.

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Herrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. K. Stephan zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Air-cooled gas-turbine discs: a review of recent research

The flow between corotating compressor or turbine discs and the flow between a turbine disc and an adjacent stationary casing can be respectively modelled by a rotating cavity and by a rotor-stator system. This paper reviews some of the recent experimental and theoretical work on flow and heat transfer in these two classes of rotating-disc systems. Comparisons between the theoretical and measured distributions of velocity, pressure, and Nusselt numbers are made for the rotating cavity with a superimposed radial flow of cooling air. For the rotor-stator system, some recent work on the fluid dynamics is outlined, and particular mention is made of the so-called “ingress problem” and of the use of pre-swirl air to improve the blade-cooling effectiveness.     

Simultaneous stress separation,smoothing of measured thermoelastic isopachic information and enhanced boundary data

A new thermoelastic hybrid method of stress analysis is demonstrated experimentally which simultaneously smooths the measured isopachic data, enhances the boundary information, and separates the stresses at nonboundary locations using only the isopachics. The technique is illustrated by application to a tensile plate containing a hole.     

On the mechanical dissipation of solutions to the Riemann problem for impact involving a two-phase elastic material

Communicated by C. Dafermos     

Measurement of thermal stresses within an experimental nuclear-reactor vessel head

This paper describes certain tests and techniques employed in measuring stresses within an experimental nuclear-reactor head of unusual design. The incorporation of certain desired design features necessitated that the head be extremely thick. Due to the thickness and its complex geometry, it was considered desirable to determine stress distribution within the head under conditions of steady-state pressure combined with rapid heating and cooling transients within the reactor, in order to determine safe limits for the operation of the head. A photoelastic study of a three-dimensional model of the reactor head was completed in 1956; this study permitted prediction of the stress distribution throughout the head as a function of internal pressure, but it was not possible to assimilate the head thermal stresses by photoelastic means. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the technique employed in measuring thermal stresses in the interior of the head, under simulated operating conditions of steady-state pressure and temperature transients.     

Variational solutions for some steady and non-steady laminar viscous flows with stagnation points

Recently, Lebon and Lambermont proposed a general variational principle for fluid mechanics. In this paper, the criterion is applied to steady and non-steady stagnation flows; the plane and the axisymmetrical cases are considered. By using Glansdorff-Prigogine self consistent method, approximate analytic solutions are derived. It is shown that the steady solution is rather quickly reached. For this latter case, the present solutions are compared with previous ones obtained by direct integration of the Navier-Stokes equations.     

Akkommodationskoeffizienten von Edelgasen an Pt im Temperaturbereich von 80 K bis 450 K

Zusammenfassung Die Akkommodationskoeffizienten von He, Ne und Ar wurden von 80 K bis 450 K, die von Kr und Xe von 250 K bis 450 K an gasbedeckten und teilweise gereinigten Pt-Oberflächen gemessen. Zur Anwendung kam die stationäre Hitzdrahtmethode bei sehr niedrigen Drucken.Der Fehler in den Bestimmungen an der gasbedeckten Oberfläche wird auf 2–3% geschätzt. Die Messungen an der teilweise gereinigten Oberfläche wurden extrapoliert aus dem zeitlichen Anstieg des Akkommodationskoeffizienten nach einer Aufheizung des Hitzdrahtes auf 900 K. Diese Ergebnisse sind mit einem wesentlich höheren Fehler behaftet.

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Accommodation coefficients of noble gases on Pt-surfaces from 80 K up to 450 K

Accommodation coefficients of He, Ne and Ar have been measured from 80 K up to 450 K, those of Kr and Xe from 250 K up to 450 K on gas covered and partially cleaned Pt-surfaces by the stationary hot wire method at very low pressures.The error of determinations on gas covered surfaces is estimated to be about 2 or 3%. The measurements on partially cleaned surfaces were extrapolated from the increase of the accommodation coefficient with time after a heating of the Pt-wire up to 900 K. In this case the error will be considerably higher.

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Bezeichnungen A Apparaturkonstante - a_i Konstante - C_v Molwärme bei konstantem Volumen - F Oberfläche des Meßdrahtes aus Pt - f_i Druckexpansionsfaktor - g (T) Korrekturfunktion, die die thermomolekulare Druck-differenz in verschieden temperierten Teilen des Versuchsraumes berücksichtigt - I Heizstrom im Pt-Draht - l Länge des Pt-Drahtes - M Molmasse - p Druck - q_D vom Pt-Draht durch Drahtwärmeleitung abgeführte Leistung - q_E dem Pt-Draht zugeführte elektrische Leistung - q_G vom Pt-Draht durch Gaswärmeleitung abgeführte Leistung - q_s vom Pt-Draht durch Strahlung abgeführte Leistung - R allgemeine Gaskonstante - R_i Widerstand des Pt-Drahtes - r Radius des Pt-Drahtes - T Gastemperatur - t₀ Raumtemperatur - T Differenz der Temperatur des Meßdrahtes und der Gas-temperatur - t Zeit - t_A charakteristische Adsorptionszeit - V_i Volumina - z Koordinate in Längsrichtung des Pt-Drahtes - Akkommodationskoeffizient (AK) - ₀ AK der teilweise gereinigten Pt-Oberfläche - _G AK der gasbedeckten Pt-Oberfläche - mittlere freie Weglänge - _Pt Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Pt     

Cluster statistics in a bidimensional suspension: Comparison with percolation

We study the cluster statistics and the viscosity of a two-dimensional suspension of passive macroscopic spheres undergoing shear. The second moment of the finite cluster statistics exhibits a maximum for a 2-D concentrationΦ _S near 0.67 without measurable anomaly in the viscosity. The results of the cluster statistics are compared to those obtained in percolation.     

The seismic pulse in a semi-infinite medium

Summary In a foregoing paper the present author developed methods for studying the transient field from a vertical electric antenna placed in the vicinity of the plane boundary of two semi-infinite dielectric media.As the theory involved is applicable to the comparable elastodynamic pulse problem the present paper deals with the field from a buried transient longitudinal source in an elastic half space.The method appears to be relatively simple and is also applicable to the more general problem in which two elastic semi-infinite solids are separated by a plane boundary.     

Stress relaxation,creep, and internal stresses in high density polyethylene filled with calcium carbonate

The effect of filling high density polyethylene (HDPE) with calcium carbonate (up to 50% by weight) on the stress relaxation and the creep in uniaxial extension at room temperature was investigated. The addition of CaCO₃ was found to have a strong influence on the flow behaviour of HDPE. In particular, it was observed that the internal stress level, calculated from relaxation data, increased markedly with the filler content. The reduction in creep rate of the filled samples suggested that the CaCO₃-particles induce a change in the structure of the HDPE-interphase close to the filler surface. This was supported by dynamic mechanical measurements performed at low temperatures on swollen HDPE-CaCO₃ samples.