1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-smectites as a novel adsorbent of phenols from water through charge-transfer interactions

The adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol onto the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-saponite, a smectite group of clay minerals, from dilute aqueous solution occurred effectively through charge-transfer interactions and such interactions resulted in the change in the color of the 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium-saponite.     

Non-linear flexure testing of a high-strength glass disk

Strength measurements of glass disk substrates were made by ring-on-ring flexural testing. The non-linear problem of a disk undergoing a large deflection in ring bending was solved approximately by a variational method. The solution has the minimum total energy and satisfies the required boundary conditions. Deflection, stress and strain distributions are evaluated as functions of the external load in terms of seven parameters related to sample material and geometry. Good agreement between experiment and theory has been obtained without any adjustable parameter for a glass disk of Corning Code 0313.     

Ammonium tungstate modified Li-rich Li<Subscript>1+x</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>0.35</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.35</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.30</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> to improve rate capability and productivity of lithium-ion batteries

LiNi_1-x-yCo_xMn_yO₂ (NCM) with excessive lithium is known to exhibit high rate capability and charge–discharge cycling durability. However, the practical usage of NCM is difficult, because the positive electrode slurry is unstable and battery cells swell due to the alkaline residual lithium compound generated on the surface of NCM particles. To reduce the residual lithium compound, ammonium metatungstate (AMT) added to NCM is studied, and the effect is investigated by scanning electron microscopy, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, synchrotron X-ray diffractometry, and several electrochemical measurements. It is found that the AMT modification reduces the amount of alkaline residual lithium compound and improves the rate capability due to the ~1-nm-thick W-rich layer generated on the NCM surface.

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Acoustoelastic determination of stress in slightly orthotropic materials

A method is proposed to determine stresses in acoustoelasticity by making use of orthotropic stress-acoustic relations and the equations of equilibrium. It is derived theoretically that shear stress is determined ny ultrasonic data ofB and ?, which denote a magnitude of acoustic birefringence and its principal direction, respectively. Other stress components are obtained by numerical integration of the equilibrium equation with the shear stress thus determined. Experiments were carried out to show the validity and usefulment of the method. This method was applied to the measurement of stress field on a plate with a circular hole subjected to axial tension. Ultrasonic measurements were made by a Y-cut quartz transducer with 5-MHz fundamental frequency. The specimen was cut out from 1100 aluminum plate of 4-mm thickness, which shows a slight orthotropy due to roll working. The values ofB and ? were measured in both stressed and unstressed state. Then, stress distributions were determined by the method proposed here, and are compared with the known theoretical distributions.     

Syntheses and Properties of (Nitronyl nitroxide)-substituted Tri-phenylamine ortho-Bridged by Two Oxygen and Sulfur Atoms

A nitronyl nitroxide unit ( NN ) was linked with a triphenylamine-based condensed polycyclic skeleton DOTT to form a radical substituted donor NN - DOTT . X-ray crystal structure analysis demonstrated a flat bowl shape of the DOTT unit. EPR spectra showed the localization of electron spin on the NN unit. Chemical oxidation of the DOTT unit produced radical-substituted radical cation salts NN - DOTT ⁺ ⋅ SbF₆⁻ and NN - DOTT ⁺ ⋅ FeBr₄⁻ that are stable under ambient conditions. The magnetic behavior of NN - DOTT ⁺ ⋅ SbF₆⁻ is characterized by the strong intramolecular ferromagnetic interaction between NN and DOTT ⁺. The X-ray structural analysis of NN - DOTT ⁺ ⋅ FeBr₄⁻ shows planar structure of DOTT and 1D mixed-stack column of NN-DOTT ⁺ and FeBr₄⁻. Magnetic measurements established that NN - DOTT ⁺ ⋅ FeBr₄⁻ undergoes magnetic phase transition into a weak ferromagnet at 7 K.     

Chimeric RNA Oligonucleotides with Triazole and Phosphate Linkages: Synthesis and RNA Interference

Chimeric RNA oligonucleotides with an artificial triazole linker were synthesized using solution‐phase click chemistry and solid‐phase automated synthesis. Scalable synthesis methods for jointing units for the chimeric structure have been developed, and after click‐coupling of the jointing units with triazole linkers, a series of chimeric oligonucleotides was prepared by utilizing the well‐established phosphoramidite method for the elongation. The series of chimeric 21‐mer oligonucleotides that possessed the triazole linker at different strands and positions allowed for a screening study of the RNA interference to clarify the preference of the triazole modifications in small‐interfering RNA molecules.     

Field-reversed configuration maintained by rotating magnetic field with high spatial harmonics

Field-reversed configurations (FRCs) driven by rotating magnetic fields (RMFs) with spatial high harmonics have been studied in the metal flux conserver of the FRC injection experiment. The experimental results show that the fundamental RMF component is observed to penetrate the plasma column, while the high harmonics are screened at the plasma edge due to their slower or reversed rotation. This selective penetration of the RMF provides good compatibility of radial and azimuthal force balances; significant radial inward force mostly from the high-harmonic components, and sufficient azimuthal torque solely provided by the fundamental component.     

Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica from selectively acid-treated saponite as the precursors

Mesoporous silicas were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of selectively acid-treated saponite (an ideal structural formula: Na(1/3)Mg(3)(Si(11/3)Al(1/3))O(10)(OH)(2)), having a 2:1 type layered structure as the silica source and its porous properties were examined and compared with that from kaolinite (an ideal structural formula: Al(2)Si(2)O(5)(OH)(4)), having a 1:1 type layered structure. Synthetic saponite was selectively leached in H(2)SO(4) solutions with various concentrations (0.05-1 M) at 70 degrees C for 0.5 h. The resulting products (precursors) were mixed with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), NaOH and H(2)O, hydrothermally treated at 110 degrees C and removed the CTABr by calcining at 560 degrees C. A hexagonal mesoporous phase was obtained with higher Si/(Al(+Mg)) ratios of the resulting precursors. The XRD patterns of these products show the peaks assigned by a hexagonal lattice with a(0)=4.0-4.6 nm and the crystallinity becomes higher with higher Si/(Al(+Mg)) ratios of the precursors. The specific surface area (S(BET)) values of the present mesoporous silicas range from 800 to 1100 m(2)/g at CTABr/precursor=0.1 and although they are not as high as those from precursors prepared from calcining and acid-treatment of kaolinite (1420 m(2)/g), they are increased to 1400-1500 m(2)/g by increasing the ratio CTABr/precursor 0.2. The reason for the difference in the optimum preparation conditions between saponite and kaolinite may be attributed to the difference in the linkage of the SiO(4) tetrahedra in these precursors (i.e. layered or framework structures), which result in great differences in the selective leaching rates and structures of the resulting silica-rich products.     

Synthesis of anilinonaphthoquinone-based nickel complexes and their application for olefin polymerization

A series of anilinonaphthoquinone-based nickel complexes, Ni(C₁₀H₅O₂NAr)(Ph)(PPh₃) (Ar = C₆H₃-2,6-Me (1c); Ar = C₆H₂-2,4,6-Me (2c); Ar = C₆H₃-2,6-Et (3c)), were synthesized and the structures of 1c-3c were confirmed by single crystal X-ray analyses. The anilinonaphthoquinone-ligated nickel complexes activated with B(C₆F₅)₃ showed high activities for ethylene polymerization at 40 °C under atmospheric pressure of ethylene and gave polyethylene with long chain branches and short chain branches. The activity of these systems was decreased by lowering polymerization temperature accompanied by increase in molecular weight. The number of the chain branches was also decreased with lowering polymerization temperature and increasing the bulkiness of the ligand.