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Theodor Agapie 《Coordination chemistry reviews》2011,255(7-8):861-880
Selective production of linear α-olefins is of significant commercial interest. Recently discovered catalytic systems based on titanium, tantalum, and chromium show remarkable selectivity and productivity for the oligomerization of ethylene to 1-hexene or 1-octene. Chromium-based catalysts are the most selective and active and show the highest structural diversity. This paper discusses the most recent advances in chromium chemistry related to selective olefin oligomerization. Aspects regarding ligand design, catalyst generation, selectivity for different products, and reaction mechanism are presented. Isotopic labeling protocols designed to distinguish between various mechanisms of catalysis are reviewed. 相似文献
23.
A model of energy transfer from a heavy slow liner to a light and fast one is presented. Simple criteria for the optimum mass ratio of the two liners are derived and made more precise by a numerical solution of the equations of motion. Practical limitations and an application to inertial confinement fusion are mentioned. 相似文献
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Theodor Milek Patrick Duchstein Gotthard Seifert Prof. Dr. Dirk Zahn Dr. 《Chemphyschem》2010,11(4):847-852
A recently developed atomistic simulation scheme for investigating ion aggregation from solution is transferred to the morphogenesis of metal clusters grown from the vapor and layers deposited on a substrate surface. Both systems are chosen as benchmark models for intense motif reorganization during aggregate/layer growth. The applied simulation method does not necessarily involve global energy minimization after each growth event, but instead describes crystal growth as a series of structurally related configurations which may also include local energy minima. Apart from the particularly favorable high‐symmetry configurations known from experiments and global energy minimization, we also demonstrate the investigation of transient structures. In the spirit of Ostwald’s step rule, a continuous evolution of the aggregate/layer structure during crystal growth is observed. 相似文献
27.
Vernaleken A Weitenberg J Sartorius T Russbueldt P Schneider W Stebbings SL Kling MF Hommelhoff P Hoffmann HD Poprawe R Krausz F Hänsch TW Udem T 《Optics letters》2011,36(17):3428-3430
We report on single-pass high-harmonic generation (HHG) with amplified driving laser pulses at a repetition rate of 20.8?MHz. An Yb:YAG Innoslab amplifier system provides 35?fs pulses with 20?W average power at 1030?nm after external pulse compression. Following tight focusing into a xenon gas jet, we observe the generation of high-harmonic radiation of up to the seventeenth order. Our results show that state-of-the-art amplifier systems have become a promising alternative to cavity-assisted HHG for applications that require high repetition rates, such as frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme UV. 相似文献
28.
Gottfried Mrkl Andreas Pll Norbert G. Aschenbrenner Corinna Schmaus Theodor Troll Peter Kreitmeier Heinrich Nth Martin Schmidt 《Helvetica chimica acta》1996,79(5):1497-1517
Extremely Expanded Tetrathiafulvalenes with Polyene Spacers. Carotinoid Tetrathiafulvalenes. Polymethin-Tetracyanotetrathiafulvalene Radical Cations, a New Class of Violenes The synthesis of extended tetrathiafulvalenes 11 with di-, tetra-, hexa-, octa-, deca- and dodecamethine spacers is described by a PPh3-induced Wittig-reaction-like condensation of the corresponding polyenedials 10 with 2-thio-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarbonitrile ( 9 ). By the same procedure, the dimethyloctamethine- and the tetramethyl-hexadecamethine-tetrathiafulvalenes 14 and 15 , respectively, were obtained. The extended tetrathiafulvalenes represent multistep vinylogous redox systems of the ‘violene type’. They can be oxidized to give the cyanine-like radical cations, e.g. 11 sem, 14 sem, and 15 sem, and the dications, e.g. 11 ox, 14 ox, and 15 ox; their UV/VIS/NIR spectra are reported. The crystal and molecular structure of (all-E)-2,2′-(octa-2,4,6-trien-1,8-diylidene)bis[1,3-dithiole-4,5-dicarbonitrile] ( 11e ) was determined: it is a rod-like, planar molecule; in the crystal, it forms staples along the longest molecule axis. The CV measurements confirm that the redox potentials of 11, 14 , and 15 decrease asymptotically with the increasing length of the spacer. Because of the close relationship of the extended tetrathiafulvalenes (ETTF's) to the carotinoids, they are named ‘caroviologenes’; they formally belong to the class of molecular wires. 相似文献
29.
Roland Lang Arno Schrwerth Kurt Polborn Walter Ponikwar Wolfgang Beck Theodor Severin Kay Severin 《无机化学与普通化学杂志》1999,625(8):1384-1390
Organometallic Compounds with N -substituted 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridone Ligands: square planar Rhodium(I), Iridium(I), and Palladium(II) Complexes Reactions of [(OC)2MCl]2 (M = Rh, Ir) or [(cod)RhCl]2 with the anions of N-Aryl or N-Alkyl substituted 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyridones (O–O′) yield complexes of the general formula [L2M(O–O′)]. Compounds of this type are also available from reactions of [(OC)2Rh(acac)] with the corresponding neutral ligands. Substitution of one carbonyl-ligand of the N-phenyl complex [(OC)2Rh(C12H10NO2)] ( 2 ) with cyclooctene affords [(OC)(C8H14)Rh(C12H10NO2)] ( 8 ). The palladium complexes [(R3P)Pd(O–O′)Cl] (R = Et, Bu), [(C6H4CH2NMe2) · Pd(O–O′)] and [(Et3P)2Pd(O–O′)]BF4 ( 9 – 12 ) were synthesized from [(R3P)PdCl2]2, [(C6H4CH2NMe2)PdCl]2 or [(Et3P)PdCl2]. The structures of the N-methyl compounds [(OC)2Rh(C7H8NO2)] ( 1 ) and [(Ph3P)Pd(C7H8NO2)Cl] ( 9 ) were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. 相似文献
30.
We theoretically study the coupling of Bose-Einstein condensed atoms to the mechanical oscillations of a nanoscale cantilever with a magnetic tip. This is an experimentally viable hybrid quantum system which allows one to explore the interface of quantum optics and condensed matter physics. We propose an experiment where easily detectable atomic spin flips are induced by the cantilever motion. This can be used to probe thermal oscillations of the cantilever with the atoms. At low cantilever temperatures, as realized in recent experiments, the backaction of the atoms onto the cantilever is significant and the system represents a mechanical analog of cavity quantum electrodynamics. With high but realistic cantilever quality factors, the strong coupling regime can be reached, either with single atoms or collectively with Bose-Einstein condensates. We discuss an implementation on an atom chip. 相似文献