Can von Neumann’s Theory Meet the Deutsch-Jozsa Algorithm?

The theoretical formalism of the implementation of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm relies on von Neumann’s theory. We try to investigate whether von Neumann’s theory meet our physical world. We derive a proposition concerning a quantum expectation value under the assumption of the existence of the orientation of reference frames in N spin-1/2 systems (1≤N<+∞). This assumption intuitively depictures our physical world. However, the quantum predictions within the formalism of von Neumann’s projective measurement violate the proposition with a magnitude that grows exponentially with the number of particles. Therefore, von Neumann’s theory cannot depicture our physical world with a violation factor that grows exponentially with the number of particles. Hence, von Neumann’s theory cannot meet the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. We propose the solution of the problem. Our solution is equivalent to changing Planck’s constant (?) to new constant (\(\hbar/\sqrt{2}\)). It may be that a new type of the quantum theory early approaches Newton’s theory in the macroscopic scale than the old quantum theory does so.     

Nickel-catalyzed N-arylation of amines with arylboronic acids under open air

In this study, a well-defined, novel NHC-Ni complex was developed and used to catalyze the N-arylation of alkyl- and arylamines with arylboronic acids in a rare version of Chan-Lam coupling. Although the same coupling using copper catalysts has been widely studied, the nickel-catalyzed version is rare and normally requires 10–20?mol% catalyst loading. This novel NHC-Ni complex in combination with 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, however, proved to be an effective catalyst that lowered the required catalyst loading to only 2.0?mol%.     

Quantum Cryptography,Quantum Communication,and Quantum Computer in a Noisy Environment

First, we study several information theories based on quantum computing in a desirable noiseless situation. (1) We present quantum key distribution based on Deutsch’s algorithm using an entangled state. (2) We discuss the fact that the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm can be used for quantum communication including an error correction. Finally, we discuss the main result. We study the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm in a noisy environment. The original algorithm determines a noiseless function. Here we consider the case that the function has an environmental noise. We introduce a noise term into the function f(x). So we have another noisy function g(x). The relation between them is g(x) = f(x) ± O(??). Here O(??) ? 1 is the noise term. The goal is to determine the noisy function g(x) with a success probability. The algorithm overcomes classical counterpart by a factor of N in a noisy environment.     

Photocurrent Generation through Charge‐Transfer Processes in Noncovalent Perylenediimide/DNA Complexes

The charge‐transfer process in noncovalent perylenediimide (PDI)/DNA complexes has been investigated by using nanosecond laser flash photolysis (LFP) and photocurrent measurements. The PDI/DNA complexes were prepared by inclusion of cationic PDI molecules into the artificial cavities created inside DNA. The LFP experiments showed that placement of the PDI chromophore at a specific site and included within the base stack of DNA led to the efficient generation of a charge‐separated state with a long lifetime by photoexcitation. When two PDI chromophores were separately placed at different positions in DNA, the yield of the charge‐separated state with a long lifetime was dependent upon the number of A–T base pairs between the PDIs, which was explained by electron hopping from one PDI to another. Photocurrent generation of the DNA‐modified electrodes with the complex was also dependent upon the arrangement of the PDI chromophores. A good correlation was obtained between observed charge separation and photocurrent generation on the PDI/DNA‐modified electrodes, which demonstrated the importance of the defined arrangement and assembly of organic chromophores in DNA for efficient charge separation and transfer in multichromophore arrays.     

Collisional relaxation among rotational levels of NH3 studied by infrared-microwave double resonance

Double-resonance signals induced by molecular collisions are observed in 25 inversion transitions of NH₃. It is found that the collision-induced transitions do not necessarily occur in accordance with the dipole-type selection rule reported previously.     

Probing the transmembrane potential of bacterial cells by voltage-sensitive dyes.

Fluorescent dyes have been widely employed as optical indicators of the membrane potential difference in cells, isolated organelles and lipid vesicles that are too small to make microelectrode measurements feasible. We describe here the application of a carbocyanine dye, 3,3'-dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide [DiS-C3-(5)], to monitor the transmembrane potential changes induced by a variation of the K+ concentration for the cells of Escherichia (E.) coli and photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum (R.) rubrum. The cells were first incubated in buffers containing DiS-C3-(5) and K+ ions of various concentrations until the fluorescence intensity reached a constant value. Valinomycin was then added to the solution, which caused changes in the fluorescence intensity, depending on the K+ concentrations. The membrane potential is shown to have a linear relationship with the fluorescence intensity of DiS-C3-(5). The results demonstrate that the K+ concentrations inside intact cells are 4.6 mM and 5.3 mM for E. coli and R. rubrum, respectively. The diffusion potentials of K+ ions were determined using the Nernst equation over the range of -1.3 mV to 44 mV, corresponding to K+ concentrations of 5 mM -25 mM outside of the cells.     

Examples of max-flow and min-cut problems with duality gaps in continuous networks

Strang (Mathematical Programming 26, 1983) gave a method to establish a max-flow min-cut theorem in a domain of a Euclidean space. The method can be applied also to max-flow min-cut problems defined by Iri (Survey of Mathematical Programming, North-Holland, 1979) whenever the capacity functions of max-flow problems are bounded and continuous. This paper deals with max-flow min-cut problems of Strang and Iri with unbounded or noncontinuous capacity functions. It is proved that, in such problems, max-flow min-cut theorems may fail to hold.     

Isolation of a new tremorgenic indoloditerpene, 1'-O-acetylpaxilline, from Emericella striata and distribution of paxilline in Emericella spp

The distribution of a tremorgenic mycotoxin, paxilline (1), was investigated in 19 species belonging to the genus Emericella. It was found that Emericella desertorum, E. foveolata, and E. striata produced paxilline (1). A new type of indoloditerpene, emindole DA (4), was also found in E. quadrilineata. A new tremorgenic indoloditerpene, 1'-O-acetylpaxilline (3), was isolated from the mycelium of E. striata. Its structure was established on the basis of spectroscopic investigations.