Kochen-Specker Theorem as a Precondition for Quantum Computing

We study the relation between the Kochen-Specker theorem (the KS theorem) and quantum computing. The KS theorem rules out a realistic theory of the KS type. We consider the realistic theory of the KS type that the results of measurements are either +1 or ?1. We discuss an inconsistency between the realistic theory of the KS type and the controllability of quantum computing. We have to give up the controllability if we accept the realistic theory of the KS type. We discuss an inconsistency between the realistic theory of the KS type and the observability of quantum computing. We discuss the inconsistency by using the double-slit experiment as the most basic experiment in quantum mechanics. This experiment can be for an easy detector to a Pauli observable. We cannot accept the realistic theory of the KS type to simulate the double-slit experiment in a significant specific case. The realistic theory of the KS type can not depicture quantum detector. In short, we have to give up both the observability and the controllability if we accept the realistic theory of the KS type. Therefore, the KS theorem is a precondition for quantum computing, i.e., the realistic theory of the KS type should be ruled out.     

Synthesis of procyanidins by stepwise- and self-condensation using 3,4-cis-4-acetoxy-3-O-acetyl-4-dehydro-5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-benzyl-(+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin as a key building monomer

3,4-cis-4-Acetoxy-3-O-acetyl-4-dehydro-5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-benzyl-(+)-catechin (1a) or (−)-epicatechin (1b) reacted high regio- and stereo-selectively with 1.5 equiv of the 5,7,3′,4′-tetra-O-benzyloxyflavan-3-ol (4a or 4b) in the presence of 1 equiv of TMSOTf to give the corresponding procyanidins. On the other hand, the self-condensation of 1a in the presence of a catalytic amount of B(C₆F₅)₃ afforded wide-range procyanidins from dimer to 15-mer like a biomass.     

Synthesis of diphenylmethyl analogues and their affinity for the melanocortin-4 receptor and the serotonin transporter

While examining antagonists of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4 receptor), we found that compound 12b, containing a diphenylmethyl moiety, had a relatively high affinity for the MC4 receptor. When diphenylmethyl analogues were further examined, compounds 12c and 18 were also found to exhibit a high affinity for the MC4 receptor (IC(50)=46.7 nM and 33.2 nM, respectively). Furthermore, compound 12c was also found to show a high affinity for the serotonin transporter (IC(50)=10.7 nM). Here, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of various diphenylmethyl analogues in relation to their actions on the MC4 receptor and the serotonin transporter.     

An improved chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 1-beta-O-acyl glucuronides: highly chemoselective enzymatic removal of protecting groups from corresponding methyl acetyl derivatives

An improved and widely applicable chemo-enzymatic method for the synthesis of a series of 1-beta-O-acyl glucuronides 5a-f has been developed from the corresponding methyl acetyl derivatives 3a-f, which were stereospecifically synthesized from cesium salts of carboxylic acids 1a-f and methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-1-bromo-1-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranuronate (2). Chemoselectivity of lipase AS Amano (LAS) in the hydrolytic removal of O-acetyl groups of 3a-f to provide methyl esters 4a-f was influenced by the nature of their 1-beta-O-acyl groups; high selectivity was evident only for 3b and 3f. Carboxylesterase from Streptomyces rochei (CSR), newly screened as an alternative to LAS, showed much greater chemoselectivity toward the O-acetyl groups than LAS; 3a, 3d, and 3e were chemoselectively hydrolyzed only by CSR. The combination of CSR with LAS yielded better results in the hydrolysis of 3c and 3f than did single usage of CSR. Final deprotection of the methyl ester groups of 4a-f to provide 5a-f was chemoselectively achieved by using lipase from Candida antarctica type B (CAL-B) as well as esterase from porcine liver (PLE), although CAL-B possessed higher chemoselectivity and catalytic efficiency than did PLE. CSR also exhibited high chemoselectivity in the synthesis of (S)-naproxen 1-beta-O-acyl glucopyranoside (7) from its 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl derivative 6.     

J-PARC E27 Experiment to Search for a Nuclear Kaon Bound State K − pp

In the J-PARC E27 experiment, we search for a K ^? pp bound state via the d(π ⁺, K ⁺) reaction at 1.7 GeV/c at the K1.8 beam line. The binding energy and decay width of the K ^? pp bound state can be obtained in the missing mass measurement with a good energy resolution of 2 MeV/c ². A range counter array (RCA) was constructed to detect the two high-momentum protons from the K ^? pp decay and to reduce the background such as quasi-free hyperon production. Recently, we have carried out a pilot run in June, 2012. The d(π ⁺, K ⁺) missing-mass spectrum has been obtained for the first time. In this report, an overview of the E27 experiment and a preliminary result on this pilot run are presented.     

Transport phenomena in superionic solids: Master equation approach

A first-principles derivation of the master equation is systematically given based on Kikuchi's ansatz, which is then applied to non-interacting (ideal) and interacting lattice–gas systems. The former application to an anomalous diffusion, observed by MD simulation of β-AgI, makes its mechanism clear in terms of relaxation modes such that the anomalous diffusion is due to non-diffusive (collective) modes. It is also shown in random systems that anomalous frequency-dependent conductivities, made up of Jonscher and nearly constant loss regimes, are reduced to a single master curve. The case of interacting lattice–gas system is discussed on the ab-plane of Rb₃H(SeO₄)₂ by a pair approximation of the path probability method, where a spontaneous strain involved in the ferroelastic phase turns out to be a proton-trapped state originated in an attractive strain energy mediated by a proton–displacement interaction, and the transition to superprotonic phase is due to an off-trapping of protons. This mechanism is confirmed by no phase transition without the attractive strain energy.     

Swertisin dihydrate

The title compound, 6‐C‐gluco­pyran­osyl‐7‐O‐methyl­apigenin dihydrate, C₂₂H₂₂O₁₀·2H₂O, is a natural C‐glu­cosyl­flavone. The flavone skeleton is almost planar, the dihedral angle between the pyran moiety and the 4‐hydroxy­phenyl ring being 9.8 (3)°. The basal plane of the pyran­osyl ring of the glucose moiety is almost perpendicular to the benzo­pyran ring system. The flavone skeletons are stacked along the a axis, forming layers parallel to (001). Between these hydro­phobic layers, the glucose groups and water mol­ecules of crystallization are connected via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming hydro­philic layers.