Validation of an analytical method to quantify the permeation and penetration of flurbiprofen into human pharynx tissue

The aim of this investigation was to develop receiver and extraction fluids, and subsequently validate an analytical method to quantify the permeation and penetration of flurbiprofen into human pharynx tissue using a Franz diffusion cell. The solubility and stability of flurbiprofen in a suitable receiver fluid, and a suitable extraction method and fluid to recover and quantitate flurbiprofen from human pharynx tissue, were investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The potential interference of human pharynx tissue in the receiver fluid was also investigated. The HPLC analytical method was successfully validated according to current guidelines. The final receiver fluid demonstrated sufficient solubility and stability, and the extraction method and fluid resulted in >95% recovery of flurbiprofen following exposure to human pharynx tissue. The lower limit of quantitation of flurbiprofen was 0.045 μg/mL in both the receiver and extraction fluids. There was no interference of the human pharynx tissue with the HPLC method. This investigation validated an analytical method for quantitating flurbiprofen, and determined a suitable receiver fluid and extraction method and fluid, which can be used to investigate the permeation and penetration of flurbiprofen through human pharynx tissue using the Franz diffusion cell method.     

A Short,Affordable, One-Pot Synthesis of a Camphor-Derived Amino Alcohol

The commercially available α-ketoxime of camphorquinone (1) was reduced to the corresponding exo,exo-amino alcohol (2) in a two-step, one-pot procedure using sodium borohydride and nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate.     

ADSORPTION OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION: HYDROPHOBIC SUBSTRATES∗

Isotherms for the adsorption of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, sodium POE (4) nonyl phenol sulfate, and POE (25) nonyl phenol, on the hydrophobic crystalline herbicides atrazine and cyanazine were determined. Anionic surfactants were measured at 5°, 25°, and 50° C; the nonionic surfactant at 25° C only. Low degrees of surface coverage were observed; in only one case (atra-zine/NaDBS) was monolayer coverage approached. On the other hand, adsorption was accompanied by a significant increase in negative zeta potential. Although DLVO calculations suggest that this adsorption should lead to stable aggregates, these are of such size that gravitational effects overpower the DLVO terms.     

An Investigation of Photo‐ and Pressure‐Induced Effects in a Pair of Isostructural Two‐Dimensional Spin‐Crossover Framework Materials

Two new isostructural iron(II) spin‐crossover (SCO) framework (SCOF) materials of the type [Fe(dpms)₂(NCX)₂] (dpms=4,4′‐dipyridylmethyl sulfide; X=S ( SCOF‐6(S) ), X=Se ( SCOF‐6(Se) )) have been synthesized. The 2D framework materials consist of undulating and interpenetrated rhomboid (4,4) nets. SCOF‐6(S) displays an incomplete SCO transition with only approximately 30 % conversion of high‐spin (HS) to low‐spin iron(II) sites over the temperature range 300–4 K (T_1/2=75 K). In contrast, the NCSe^? analogue, SCOF‐6(Se) , displays a complete SCO transition (T_1/2=135 K). Photomagnetic characterizations reveal quantitative light‐ induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) of metastable HS iron(II) sites at 10 K. The temperature at which the photoinduced stored information is erased is 58 and 50 K for SCOF‐6(S) and SCOF‐6(Se) , respectively. Variable‐pressure magnetic measurements were performed on SCOF‐6(S) , revealing that with increasing pressure both the T_1/2 value and the extent of spin conversion are increased; with pressures exceeding 5.2 kbar a complete thermal transition is achieved. This study confirms that kinetic trapping effects are responsible for hindering a complete thermally induced spin transition in SCOF‐6(S) at ambient pressure due to an interplay between close T_1/2 and T(LIESST) values.     

Perturbation of Spin Crossover Behavior by Covalent Post‐Synthetic Modification of a Porous Metal–Organic Framework

Covalent post‐synthetic modification is a versatile method for gaining high‐level synthetic control over functionality within porous metal–organic frameworks and for generating new materials not accessible through one‐step framework syntheses. Here we apply this topotactic synthetic approach to a porous spin crossover framework and show through detailed comparison of the structures and properties of the as‐synthesised and covalently modified phases that the modification reaction proceeds quantitatively by a thermally activated single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation to yield a material with lowered spin‐switching temperature, decreased lattice cooperativity, and altered color. Structure–function relationships to emerge from this comparison show that the approach provides a new route for tuning spin crossover through control over both outer‐sphere and steric interactions.     

Interaction of Fluorescently Labeled Triethyleneglycol and Peptide Derivatives with β‐Cyclodextrin

A triethyleneglycol (TEG) chain, a linear peptide, and a cyclic peptide labeled with 7‐methoxycoumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid (MC) and 7‐diethylaminocoumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid (DAC) were used to thoroughly study Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in inclusion complexes. ¹H NMR evidence was given for the formation of a 1:1 inclusion complex between β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and the fluorophore moieties of model compounds. The binding constant was 20 times higher for DAC than for MC derivatives. Molecular modeling provided additional information. The UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence properties were studied and the energy transfer process was quantified. Fluorescence quenching was particularly strong for the peptide derivatives. The presence of β‐CDs reduced the FRET efficiency slightly. Dye‐labeled peptide derivatives can thus be used to form inclusion complexes with β‐CDs and retain most of their FRET properties. This paves the way for their subsequent use in analytical devices that are designed to measure the activity of matrix metalloproteinases.     

Fabrication and characterization of TEOS-based silica aerogels prepared using rapid supercritical extraction

Silica aerogels were prepared using the precursor tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) via a rapid supercritical extraction (RSCE) method. Multiple consistent batches of monolithic TEOS-based aerogels were fabricated via an 8-h RSCE process. Fabricating TEOS-based aerogels with an RSCE method offers some distinct advantages. One advantage is the relative simplicity of the RSCE approach: liquid precursors are mixed and poured into a metal mold in a hydraulic hot-press, where gelation, aging and extraction of liquid from the pores occur. The precursor recipe employs TEOS, ethanol, water, oxalic acid to catalyze hydrolysis, and ammonia to catalyze the subsequent polycondensation reactions. Another advantage is that reaction of TEOS to form sol gels yields ethanol as a byproduct. A process that releases ethanol, rather than methanol (as in tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS)-based aerogels) may be more appealing for commercial applications, involving scale-up of the process. The significantly lower cost of TEOS, compared to TMOS, is a considerable advantage. The TEOS-based RSCE aerogels are mesoporous and optically translucent, have bulk densities of 0.099(±0.003) g/cm³ and surface areas of 460(±10) m²/g. Signals observed in infrared and Raman spectra of the aerogels are consistent with Si–O framework bonds. Using scanning electron microscopy imaging, the surface morphology of the aerogel samples was imaged at magnifications up to 150 kX.     

Green approaches for the synthesis of nucleotides,their conjugates and analogues

Abstract

We have developed original one-pot and protecting group-free approaches, which are also user-friendly and reliable, to synthesize nucleotides and derivatives starting from nucleoside 5’-monophosphates. Both methods present convenient set-up, i.e., non-dry solvents and reagents, substrates in their sodium or acid form, and commercially available and cheap phosphorus reagents as sodium and potassium salts.     

What you as a manager can do to overcome verbal abuse of staff

Employees and their work performance determine the success of any business. Permitting verbal abuse and other disruptive behaviors is bad management. Well-written policies, physician champions, strong executives, and the willingness of OR managers to try new approaches to assist the staff to develop new skill sets will help to create healthier workplaces where everyone knows words don't hurt.