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81.
Hooyoung Song Jooyoung Suh Eun Kyu Kim Kwang Hyeon Baik Sung-Min Hwang 《Journal of Crystal Growth》2010,312(21):3122-3126
Nonpolar (1 1–2 0) a-plane GaN films have been grown using the multi-buffer layer technique on (1–1 0 2) r-plane sapphire substrates. In order to obtain epitaxial a-plane GaN films, optimized growth condition of the multi-buffer layer was investigated using atomic force microscopy, high resolution X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy measurements. The experimental results showed that the growth conditions of nucleation layer and three-dimensional growth layer significantly affect the crystal quality of subsequently grown a-plane GaN films. At the optimized growth conditions, omega full-width at half maximum values of (11–20) X-ray rocking curve along c- and m-axes were 430 and 530 arcsec, respectively. From the results of transmission electron microscopy, it was suggested that the high crystal quality of the a-plane GaN film can be obtained from dislocation bending and annihilation by controlling of the island growth mode. 相似文献
82.
Amphiphilic urethane acryale hydrogels containing ionic groups (dimethylolpropionic acid) were prepared by varying the molecular
weight of the soft segment (polyether type) and the type of diisocyanate, and their mechanical properties were examined. They
showed heterophasic gel structure composed of ionic hard domains induced by aggregation of the ionic groups and polyether
soft domains comprising the urethane acrylate network. This heterophasic structure could be confirmed by dynamic mechanical
analysis (DMA) and by wide-angle X-ray scattering analysis (WAXS); the crystallinity detected by WAXS and the transition peak
of the ionic hard domains detected by DMA strongly suggested that there were ionic aggregates. These ionic aggregates acted
as reinforcing fillers in the network, which eventually enhanced the tensile strength of the hydrogels. Above all, the tensile
properties of the hydrogels were of interest in that the trends of the stress-strain curves were consistent with the rubbery
ones. It is believed that the higher purity of the polyether soft domains resulted from the heterophasic gel structure imparting
further elastomeric properties on the network.
Received: 31 July 1998 Accepted in revised form: 15 October 1998 相似文献
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84.
Jinseob Shin Kyomin Shin Hanna Lee Kyung-Do Suh Hyojung Kim Jin Woong Kim 《Colloid and polymer science》2012,290(6):553-559
This paper describes a useful means of noninvasively enhancing transdermal delivery efficiency. For this, chitosan nanocapsules
with positive surface charges were fabricated by using the in situ precipitation method. These nanocapsules cannot only have
an ability to encapsulate the drug molecule (this study used riboflavin 5′-monophosphate), but also electrotatically interact
with the stratum corneum layer. To demonstrate this, fluorescence-labeled polymer nanoparticles with different particle sizes
as well as surface charges were topically applied onto the skin and their distribution was directly imaged. This demonstration
experiment allowed us to figure out that once the nanocapsules were provided with positive surface charges, they readily deposited
into the stratum corneum layer due to the electrostatic interaction. Further quantitative characterization of the penetrating
amount of riboflavin 5′-monophosphate by using the Frantz diffusion cell method showed that our chitosan nanocapsule system
effectively improved transdermal delivery efficiency. 相似文献
85.
Youngeup Jin Minjung Lee Sun Hee Kim Suhee Song Il Kim Han Young Woo Kwanghee Lee Hongsuk Suh 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(19):5068-5077
In this study, a novel conjugated polymer, poly(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene‐2,6‐vinylene) (PCPPV) has been synthesized and characterized. For the polymerization, Gilch's reaction was applied for the first time with the cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene system. The absorption and emission spectra of PCPPV are red‐shifted about 40–50 nm due to the vinylene units when compared with those of poly(2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhex‐yl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene)) (PCPP). The solid‐state fluorescence is significantly broadened, possibly due to π–π interactions introduced by the phenanthrene and vinylene moieties. In solution, as the concentration of polar solvent increased, the photoluminescence (PL) intensity decreased due to quenching and aggregation by the interchain interactions between the conjugated backbones. After annealing the film at 80 °C, the PL and electroluminescence (EL) emission spectra exhibited also the quenching and aggregation effects indicating the interchain interactions of PCPPV. The large number of aromatic rings in a unit and the increased planarity achieved through introduction of vinylene units are able to give interchain interactions stronger than fluorene or phenylene units. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5068–5077, 2009 相似文献
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88.
Chiung‐Chiou Tsai Suh‐Yuh Yang 《Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations》2004,20(6):831-842
In this article we analyze the L2 least‐squares finite element approximations to the incompressible inviscid rotational flow problem, which is recast into the velocity‐vorticity‐pressure formulation. The least‐squares functional is defined in terms of the sum of the squared L2 norms of the residual equations over a suitable product function space. We first derive a coercivity type a priori estimate for the first‐order system problem that will play the crucial role in the error analysis. We then show that the method exhibits an optimal rate of convergence in the H1 norm for velocity and pressure and a suboptimal rate of convergence in the L2 norm for vorticity. A numerical example in two dimensions is presented, which confirms the theoretical error estimates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2004 相似文献
89.
90.
FEA calculations have been carried out for a model rubber shear spring, consisting of a block of a highly elastic material, bonded between two rigid parallel plates and sheared by displacing one of the plates parallel to the other in its own plane. The block was prevented from deforming in the perpendicular direction, and thus was deformed in plane strain. Stress distributions along the bond-line and the center-line are reported and compared with those expected from the theory of large elastic deformations. Unexpected tensile stresses were found to develop in the interior of the sheared block. They are attributed to the absence on the end surfaces of the stresses needed to maintain a simple shear, causing a pronounced change in the reference pressure—a consequence that is usually overlooked. Because the internal stresses are governed by the boundary conditions, they were strongly affected by the shape of the end surfaces. In addition, they were reduced markedly by assigning values to Poisson's ratio slightly lower than 0.5, thus allowing some volume expansion of the rubber. Strain energy release rates were also evaluated for growth of a crack along the bond-line, starting at the edges, and compared with those reported previously by Lindley and Teo [Energy for crack growth at the bonds of rubber springs, Plast. Rubber Mat. Appl. 4 (1979) 29-37], Muhr et al. [A fracture mechanics study of natural rubber-to-metal bond failure, J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 10 (1996) 593-616], Gregory and Muhr [Stiffness and fracture analysis of bonded rubber blocks in simple shear, in: D. Boast, V.A. Coveny (Eds.), Finite Element Analysis of Elastomers, Professional Engineering Publications, Bury St. Edmunds, UK, 1999, pp. 265-274] and Gough and Muhr [Initiation of failure of rubber close to bondlines, in: Proceedings of the International Rubber Conference, Maastricht, Netherlands, June 2005, IOM Communications Ltd., London, 2005, pp. 165-174]. They confirm that a long crack at the compression edge will grow faster than one at the tension edge, but the results for short cracks were inconclusive. 相似文献